Pancreatic Duct Glands Are Distinct Ductal Compartments That React to Chronic Injury and Mediate Shh-Induced Metaplasia

Background & Aims

Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) are pancreatic cancer precursor lesions of unclear origin and significance. PanIN aberrantly express sonic hedgehog (Shh), an initiator of pancreatic cancer, and gastrointestinal mucins. A majority of PanIN are thought to arise from ducts. We identified a novel ductal compartment that is gathered in gland-like outpouches (pancreatic duct glands [PDG]) of major ducts and characterized its role in injury and metaplasia.

Methods

The ductal system was analyzed in normal pancreata and chronic pancreatitis in humans and mice. Anatomy was assessed by serial hematoxylin and eosin sections and scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. Expression of mucins and developmental genes and proliferation were assessed by immunohistochemistry or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Effects of Shh on ductal cells were investigated by exposure to Shh in vitro and transgenic misexpression in vivo.

Results

Three-dimensional analysis revealed blind-ending outpouches of ducts in murine and human pancreata. These PDG are morphologically and molecularly distinct from normal ducts; even in normal pancreata they display PanIN and metaplastic features, such as expression of Shh and gastric mucins. They express other developmental genes, such as Pdx-1 and Hes-1. In injury, Shh is up-regulated along with gastric mucins. Expansion of the PDG compartment results in a mucinous metaplasia. Shh promotes this transformation in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions

PDG are distinct gland-like mucinous compartments with a distinct molecular signature. In response to injury, PDG undergo an Shh-mediated mucinous gastrointestinal metaplasia with PanIN-like features. PDG may provide a link between Shh, mucinous metaplasia, and neoplasia.

Keywords: Pancreatic Duct Glands, Sonic Hedgehog, PanIN, GI Metaplasia

Abbreviations used in this paper: BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine, CP, chronic pancreatitis, GI, gastrointestinal, Hh, hedgehog, HPDE cells, human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells, PanIN, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, PAS, Periodic Acid Schiff, PDG, pancreatic duct glands, RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, SEM, scanning electron microscopy, Shh, sonic hedgehog