Gastroenterology
Volume 137, Issue 5 , Pages e14-e26, November 2009

Information for Authors

Article Outline

 

Gastroenterology publishes clinical and basic studies of all aspects of the digestive system, including the liver and pancreas, as well as nutrition. The types of articles Gastroenterology publishes include original papers, review articles, and special category manuscripts. Manuscripts must be prepared in accordance with the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” developed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (http://www.icmje.org). Gastroenterology is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) (http://www.publicationethics.org.uk).

Gastroenterology has a total circulation of approximately 17,000—about 12,000 in the United States and 5,000 in other countries. Eighty percent of subscribers are AGA members. In the United States, about 75% of subscribers are physicians, and about 25% of subscriptions go to residents, medical schools, and libraries. About 68% of the papers published originate overseas.

Gastroenterology is abstracted and indexed in Biological Abstracts, CABS, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents, Excerpta Medica, Index Medicus, Nutrition Abstracts, and Science Citation Index.

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Ethical Standards 

Gastroenterology strongly discourages the submission of more than one article dealing with related aspects of the same study. In almost all cases, a single study is best reported in a single paper.

The Journal editors consider research/publication misconduct to be a serious breach of ethics and will take action as necessary to address such misconduct, which includes submission or publication of information that:

(1)Is intentionally erroneous,

(2)Has been published elsewhere by a different author without acknowledgment (plagiarism),

(3)Has been published elsewhere by the same author without acknowledgment (duplicate publication), or

(4)Is subsequently published elsewhere by the same author without acknowledgment, attribution, or permission from the AGA Institute, as holder of the copyright, to reprint or adapt the material.

Each author who submits a manuscript must complete Gastroenterology's Copyright Assignment, Authorship Responsibility, NIH Funding, Financial Disclosure, Institutional Review Board/Animal Care Committee Approval and Sponsorship form thereby affirming that:

(1)None of the material in the manuscript is included in another manuscript, has been published previously, or is currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. This includes symposia proceedings, transactions, books, articles published by invitation, and preliminary publications of any kind except an abstract or poster. If there is any potential overlap with a manuscript previously published by the authors, the related manuscripts must be included for editorial evaluation.

(2)Only people who contributed to the intellectual content, the analysis of data, and the writing of the manuscript are listed as authors and that all authors take public responsibility for the research results being reported.

(3)Ethical guidelines were followed by the investigator in studies on humans or animals and described in the paper. The approval of the institutional review board of animal care committee must be cited in the Methods section of the text.

(4)All authors had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Breaches in these standards may result in proscribed submission for all authors of the concerned manuscript and, when appropriate, notification of the authors' institutions. All authors are fully responsible for the content of the manuscript.

The publication of abstracts or posters is not considered duplicate publication but should be disclosed in the cover letter accompanying the manuscript submission.

Authorship 

Each author must have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the content of the paper and must approve of the final version of the manuscript. Authorship should be based on substantive contributions to each of the following:

(1)conception and design of the study;

(2)generation, collection, assembly, analysis and/or interpretation of data;

(3)drafting or revision of the manuscript;

(4)approval of the final version of the manuscript.

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Conflict of Interest Policy 


A.Potential Conflicts of InterestThe following are examples of COI that may occur with editors, authors (including invited authors), and reviewers. Interactions considered pertinent are from the start of the research activity in a specific program until such time that a submission is anticipated to be published or one year from submission date, whichever is longer.
a.Editors: Editors who make final decisions about manuscripts must have no personal, professional, or financial involvement in any of the issues they might judge. Examples of personal involvement with an author include former student, fellow, mentor, or relative. Examples of professional involvement include academic rivalry, being from the same institution or research group as the author, evaluating a manuscript submitted by a member of the board of editors, or collaborating (e.g., co-authoring research article or grant) with an author. Examples of financial involvement include employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants/patents received, and royalties with an entity (or competing entity) discussed in the manuscript.It is a COI for editors of the AGA Institute journals to hold a position of editorial responsibility for a competing publication. The Ethics Committee reviews disclosure statements submitted by editors and notifies either/both the Secretary/Treasurer and editor of any potential conflicts. The procedures contained in Section C of the “AGA/AGA Institute Policy on Disclosure of Potential Conflict of Interest” apply if a conflict is found to exist.

b.Authors: COI for an author may arise if there exists a financial arrangement (e.g., employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants/patents received, and royalties) with a company whose product figures prominently in the submitted manuscript or with a company that makes a competing product.

c.Reviewers: COI for reviewers exist when they have had an ongoing collaboration, original publications, or grants with the authors within the previous two years, except when part of a multicenter group from a different site; are from the same institution as the authors; or have any financial arrangements (e.g., employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants/patents received, and royalties) with a company whose product figures prominently in the submitted manuscript or with a company that makes a competing product.


B.ProcessPotential COI are to be disclosed at the beginning of the peer-review process.
a.Editors: An associate editor having COI with a submitted manuscript must recuse himself from handling the manuscript and request that the manuscript be reassigned. The editor-in-chief having COI with a submitted manuscript must assign review to one of an associate or guest editor for handling. A manuscript submitted by one of the members of the board of editors must be assigned to a guest editor.

b.Authors: The senior or corresponding author assumes full responsibility for supplying the following information on the title page at manuscript submission:
i.For each author, disclosure of any financial arrangement with any company whose product figures prominently in the submitted manuscript or that makes a competing product; or a statement for each author that there is no conflict to disclose.

ii.A disclosure of all funding sources supporting the work and all institutional or corporate affiliations.

iii.A list of individuals who provided writing assistance for the manuscript and the source of funds that supported this assistance.

In addition, at manuscript submission, each author must complete and submit to the editorial office a standardized form that transfers copyright to the AGA Institute, verifies authorship responsibility, states NIH funding (if any), discloses all relevant conflicts of interest, and attests that the research protocol was approved by the author's institution and all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.Based on the information provided, the editors will determine whether COI exists and decide to either a) reject the manuscript or b) publish the manuscript with the COI disclosed.

c.Reviewers: When invited, reviewers must decline to review a manuscript if a potential COI exists. After review, all reviewers must agree to and initial one of the following statements, which appear in the journals' manuscript tracking system:
i.I, the undersigned Reviewer, certify that I have not had an ongoing collaboration, original publication, or grant with the authors within the previous two years, except in the case of being a part of a multicenter group from a different site, nor am I from the same institution as the authors. I also certify that I do not have any financial arrangements (e.g., employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants/patents received, and royalties) with a company whose product figures prominently in the submitted manuscript or with a company that makes a competing product.

ii.I have listed any potential conflicts on interest in the Comments to Editors field.

If the reviewer discloses a potential COI after the review, the handling associate editor decides if the review should still be used to judge the manuscript.


C.SanctionsShould an editor, author, or reviewer fail to disclose a potential COI and this is discovered after publication, the following sanctions may be applied according to the severity of the infraction.
a.Editors:
i.A letter of reprimand and warning as to future conduct from the editor, in the case of an associate editor, or from the Chair of the Publications Committee, in the case of the editor.

ii.Dismissal from the position.


b.Authors:
i.A letter from the editor of explanation and education where there appears to be a genuine misunderstanding of principles.

ii.A letter from the editor of reprimand and warning as to future conduct.

iii.A letter from the editor to the author's institution or funding body.

iv.Publication of a notice detailing the author's failure to disclose the COI.

v.Publication of an editorial detailing the full details of the misconduct.

vi.Refusal to accept future submissions from the author on a sliding scale of one-to-five years.

vii.Formal retraction or withdrawal of the paper from the scientific literature.

viii.Reporting the case to the Office of Research Integrity (ORI).


c.Reviewers:
i.A letter from the editor of explanation and education where there appears to be a genuine misunderstanding of principles.

ii.A letter from the editor of reprimand and warning as to future conduct.

iii.A letter from the editor to the reviewer's institution.

iv.Refusal to allow the individual to review for the journal on a sliding scale of one-to-five years.



This policy was developed in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).

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Plagiarism, Duplicate Submission/Publication Policy 


A.Definitions
a.Plagiarism: Unreferenced use of published and unpublished ideas. It may occur at any stage of planning, research, writing, or publication and applies to print and electronic versions.

b.Duplicate Submission/Publication: Occurs when two or more papers, without full cross-reference, share the same hypothesis, data, discussion points, or conclusions.


B.SanctionsShould plagiarism or duplicate submission/publication be identified, the journal editors will apply the following sanctions according to the severity of the infraction. They will apply sanctions to individual authors depending on their type of involvement with the article, as provided at the time of submission on the title page.
a.A letter of explanation from the journal editors to the authors where there appears to be a genuine misunderstanding of principles.

b.A letter of reprimand from the journal editors as to future conduct.

c.A formal letter from the journal editors to the author's institution, employer, or funding body.

d.Publication of a notice or editorial in journal.

e.Refusal to accept submissions from the author for a range of one-to-five years.

f.Formal withdrawal or retraction of paper from the scientific literature.

g.Journal editors report the case to Office of Research Integrity, which promotes integrity in biomedical and behavioral research supported by the U.S. Public Health Service; monitors institutional investigations of research misconduct; and facilitates the responsible conduct of research through educational, preventive, and regulatory activities.


This policy was developed in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Committee on Publishing Ethics (COPE) and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).

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National Institutes of Health Funding 

If a manuscript is accepted for publication and was supported by the NIH, the journal's publisher will automatically deposit the manuscript into PubMed Central (PMC) in accordance with the mandatory NIH policy on federally funded manuscripts. To facilitate this process, authors of such manuscripts are asked to provide their NIH grant number on the Copyright Assignment Form under the NIH Funding portion of the form. The publisher will send to PMC the final peer-reviewed manuscript when received. Once deposited, authors will receive an email from the NIH containing the PMC-formatted article for approval. Articles become available on PMC 12 months after they have been published.

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Information About Article Types 

Original Articles 

Original Articles are full-length reports of original research and will be considered for either the Clinical Research section or the Basic Research section of the Journal. Articles cover topics relevant to clinical and basic studies in these areas of interest. They may discuss nutrition, immunology, cell biology, molecular biology, morphology, physiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging, or therapy. Both adult and pediatric problems are included. To be published, the work presented in the manuscript must be original; on occasion, confirmatory studies of timely and important observations will also be acceptable. In addition, other considerations for evaluating the acceptability of a submitted manuscript include its importance, the soundness of the experimental design, the validity of the methods, the appropriateness of the conclusions, and the quality of presentation.

Original article submissions to Gastroenterology cannot exceed 6,000 words, including the abstract, figure and table legends, and references. No more than a combined total of 8 figures and/or tables (figures are limited to 6 panels per figure) are permitted. Your manuscript will be returned to you if it does not meet these criteria.

Reviews in Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology 

Each issue of Gastroenterology will contain a review article by two or more collaborating authors that is solicited by the board of editors (no unsolicited reviews will be considered). Each review article will be divided into two sections, Basic and Clinical, with one section to be overseen by a basic science editor and the other by a clinical editor.

Reviews must not exceed a total of 8,000 words, not including references, figure legends or table legends. Authors are also required to include a minimum of 4 to 6 figures or illustrations and to work witih Gastroenterology's medical illustrator in developing them.

Clinical Challenges and Images in GI 

Clinical Challenges and Images in GI presents a striking clinical image that is meant to challenge and inform readers. The Clinical Challenge and Image in GI is presented as an unknown with the diagnosis hinging on the correct interpretation and integration of the image and clinical data. The answer is presented on a separate page of the Journal. The section is intended to illustrate and teach important medical points. If you would like to submit an image for publication in the Journal, please follow the instructions below.

•Images can be either clinical, pathologic (gross or microscopic), endoscopic, or radiographic. They should be of high quality (300ppi) and illustrate the diagnosis well.

•The case should be described in one typed double-spaced page or less. Format should be as follows: Short pertinent history, physical exam and laboratory findings, and initial clinical course. The image(s) should then be described with all labeled structures explained in the text.

•The answer should discuss the image findings and the diagnosis in no more than one double-spaced typed page. The diagnosis and discussion should make an important medical teaching point and include from 1 to 3 pertinent references. Information regarding the specific patient in terms of follow-up and response to therapy should be given as appropriate.

•No more than three authors are allowed on each submission. Contributors must provide their names, addresses, phone, and e-mail addresses. Contributors must sign and return the copyright form which assigns copyright to the AGA Institute and attest that the figure has not been submitted or published elsewhere.

•Clinical Challenges and Images in GI submissions must be submitted at www.editorialmanager.com/gastro.

Online-Only Clinical Challenges and Images in GI 

Due to a high number of Clinical Challenges and Images in GI submissions and the increasing use of video in reports on clinical cases, Gastroenterology has developed a new section, Online-Only Clinical Challenges and Images in GI, where some accepted images or those that include video clips can be published only online. When an image is accepted for the online-only image section, authors will receive a decision letter requesting approval to publish their article only online. If an author does not agree to these terms the article will not be considered further for publication. If authors choose to have their accepted image published in the Online-Only Challenges and Images in GI section, their article will be posted on our website, www.gastrojournal.org, within a few months.

To submit your Clinical Challenges and Images in GI to Gastroenterology, log on to http://www.editorialmanager.com/gastro. Authors are required to follow the “Clinical Challenges and Images in GI” guidelines provided above.

Imaging and Advanced Technology 

Imaging and Advanced Technology is written by the section editor or, in some instances, by a guest author. It highlights developments, both current and anticipated, in translational science and clinical medicine. Examples include, but are not limited to, chromoendoscopy and detection of aberrant crypt foci, optical imaging and Barrett's esophagus, endoscopy and confocal imaging, nanotechnology, genomics and discovery of IBD genes, and proteomics.

Correspondence 

Correspondence offers opinions on papers published in Gastroenterology. Text should not exceed 3 pages double-spaced, and no more than 10 references should be included. All letters become the property of Gastroenterology and are subject to editing by the editors. Letters commenting on papers are sent to the authors of those papers for a response. Letters are selected for their importance, relevance, and originality; not all letters submitted can be published. Gastroenterology will not publish letters commenting on manuscripts for which letters have already been published.

Editorials 

Editorials express opinions on current topics of interest or provide comments on papers published elsewhere in the same issue. Editorials are usually solicited by the Editor.

This Month in Gastroenterology 

This Month in Gastroenterology is written by the section editors. It provides general previews of two clinical articles and two basic articles that appear in the issue and are of particular importance to the Gastroenterology readership.

Selected Summaries 

Selected Summaries are concise overviews of articles recently published in other journals that are of potential interest to Gastroenterology readers. Contributors are selected by the section editor. Unsolicited summaries may be submitted to the Selected Summaries Editor for consideration.

Print and Media Reviews 

Print and Media Reviews are informative analyses of recently published books or other media relevant to clinical practice and research. Reviews are solicited by the section editor. Unsolicited reviews may be submitted to the Print and Media Reviews Editor for consideration.

Notices 

Notices are brief announcements of meetings, seminars, and courses with only essential information given. Notices received less than 3 months before publication cannot be guaranteed an appropriate publication date.

Mini-Reviews and Perspectives 

Mini-Reviews and Perspectives are invited articles that inform the clinical and basic research communities about fields in which there have been recent and important advances. They focus on one specific aspect of a field, rather than providing a comprehensive literature survey, and can be controversial, briefly discussing opposing viewpoints.

Meeting Summaries 

This section includes brief reports of symposia, conferences, and meetings in digestive disease research. They include critical commentary, connections among the presentations, and consensus, if any, that emerged from the meeting. The editors encourage authors of potential meeting summaries to propose submissions for this section in advance of scheduled meetings. To ensure relevance, summaries must been submitted within two months after a meeting.

Continuing Medical Education (CME) 

Each issue of Gastroenterology will contain two to three continuing medical education exams associated with articles that appear in the issue. AGA members can take the exams online free of charge. Non-AGA members are required to pay a $15 processing fee. For CME exams that accompany original articles, readers can claim 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 credit. For CME exams that accompany AGA Institute medical position statements and technical reviews, readers can claim 2.0 AMA PRA Category 1 credits.

Reviewers of manuscripts can also claim CME credit. After reviewing a manuscript on the Journal's manuscript tracking system, Editorial Manager, the reviewer will be prompted to claim up to 3.0 AMA PRA Category 1 credits.

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Submission Checklist 

All manuscripts should be double-spaced and should contain the following sections in the order given below:

Cover Letter 

Gastroenterology strongly encourages authors to suggest 2 to 5 referees (include their email address, phone, and fax numbers) and the Associate Editor they believe best qualified to review their paper. Authors may also list a non-preferred Associate Editor and non-preferred referees, but the ultimate selection of an Associate Editor and referees is at the sole discretion of the Editor and Associate Editor, respectively.

State reasons for deviations, if any, from standard format and clarify any potential conflict related to the exclusive nature of the publication. The cover letter must also categorize the manuscript into one of the four following groups: Clinical Alimentary Tract, Clinical Liver/Pancreas/Biliary, Basic Alimentary Tract, or Basic Liver/Pancreas/Biliary.

Title Page 

Title—Include animal species. Use no abbreviations. Limit: 120 characters with spaces.

Short Title—Limit: 45 characters.

Authors—Include first names of all authors and name and full location of department and institution where work was performed.

Grant Support—List grant support and other assistance.

Abbreviations—List alphabetically abbreviations not mentioned in the Style Guide, which follows the Instructions to Authors. (Note: In general, the use of abbreviations is discouraged.)

Correspondence—Provide name, complete address, e-mail address, telephone number, and fax number of corresponding author.

Disclosures—All authors must disclose any potential conflicts (financial, professional, or personal) that are relevant to the manuscript. If the author(s) has nothing to disclose, this must be stated.

Transcript Profiling—Provide accession number of repository for expression microarray data.

Writing Assistance—The names and funding source for individuals who provided writing assistance must be listed.

Abstract 

Limit: 260 words. Organize according to the following headings: Background & Aims, Methods, Results, Conclusions, and Keywords.

Abbreviations must be spelled out at least once. Do not use footnotes or references.

Authors of clinical research studies should submit a structured abstract of no more than 250 words organized into the following categories as applicable:

Background & Aims: Describe the importance of the study and the precise research objective(s) or study question(s).

Methods: Methods should include information on the following aspects of study design when applicable. The methods section may employ subheadings at the discretion of the author.

–Design—describe the basic study design, e.g., randomized controlled trial, cross sectional study, cohort study, case series, survey, etc. Source of all non-standard reagents need to be explicitly stated.

–Setting—specify whether the study was conducted in a primary or tertiary care setting, in an ambulatory care clinic or hospital, in the general community, etc.

–Participants—indicate the number of study subjects and how they were selected, recruited, and assigned to the intervention.

–Intervention—report the method of administration and duration of the intervention.

Results: Provide the main outcomes of the study including confidence intervals or P values. Report the absolute values and risk differences so that readers can determine the absolute, as well as the relative, impact of the results.

Conclusions: State only conclusions that are directly supported by the evidence and the implications of the findings.

Keywords: Include 3–4 keywords associated with your manuscript, separated by semicolons (eg, active vitamin D; parathyroid hormone-related peptide; hypercalcemia; bone resorption). Should your manuscript be accepted, the keywords will appear with the published manuscript, making it easier to find in literature search engines such as PubMed.

Video Abstracts 

Authors are encouraged to submit video abstracts with their manuscripts. Discussion points include the motivation for undertaking the study, a brief overview of methodology, and the highlights of how the results advance the field of digestive disease. The following guidelines apply:

•Acceptable file formats: MPEG, MOV, AVI, or GIF

•Length does not exceed 5 minutes

•Sound and picture is clear (ensure that you capture the video in a quiet and well-lit environment)

•Video is in English

•Author speaks clearly

•Content is relevant to accepted manuscript

•Content is free of language that is offensive, defamatory, abusive, profane, and threatening

To submit a video abstract with your manuscript, choose the item type “Video Abstract” on the journal's manuscript management system, Editorial Manager.

Body of Paper 

Describe ethical guidelines followed (for human or animal studies); cite approval of institutional human research review committee or animal welfare committee; describe in detail hazardous procedures or chemicals involved, including precautions observed.

Outline statistical methods used.

When describing the results of hypothesis testing, report P values and/or confidence intervals; avoid using phrases such as “not significant.”

Identify drugs and chemicals used by generic name (if trademarks are mentioned, manufacturer name and city are given).

References 

List references using superscripted Arabic numerals by order of appearance in the text.

Cite personal communications and unpublished data directly in text without being numbered.

All abbreviations should follow the Index Medicus abbreviations.

Follow Gastroenterology requirements for style:

Article (list 3 authors followed by et al):

13.Meltzer SJ, Ahnen DJ, Battifour H, et al. Protooncogene abnormalities in colon cancers and adenomatous polyps. Gastroenterology 1987;92:1174–1180.

Book:

18.Day RA. How to write and publish a scientific paper. Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information, 1979.

Article in Book:

22.Costa M, Furness JB, Llewellyn-Smith IF. Histochemistry of the enteric nervous system. In: Johnson LR, ed. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Volume 1. 2nd ed. New York: Raven, 1987:1–40.

Tables 

Tables may either be uploaded separately from the manuscript or embedded in the file that contains your manuscript. Most table editor programs can be placed within the manuscript file successfully.

Tables should be prepared without the use of tabs.

Figures 

For additional information regarding journal guidelines for figure submissions, please see our Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) (http://www.gastrojournal.org/content/faqs).

Images: Images can be clinical, pathologic (gross or microscopic), endoscopic, or radiographic. They should be of high quality (300 ppi or greater, clear, and in good focus) and illustrate the diagnosis well.

Photographs: Photographs of identifiable patients must be accompanied by written permission to publish from the patient.

Line Art and Graphs: Graphs, charts and other line art may be reformatted and/or redrawn by our Graphics staff for consistency with the overall style of the AGA Institute journals. Please be sure that any graphs or line art you submit are at a resolution of at least 300 ppi so that they are readable to reviewers.

Figure Legends: Please do not embed or flatten the text into the image files. Figure legends should be included in the manuscript body, immediately before the references, or typed and submitted in .doc (Word document) or .rtf (rich text format). This text will be reformatted in the style of the AGA Institute journals.

Preferred Figure File Formats: The preferred formats for figure files are tiff (.tif) and jpeg (.jpg). For questions regarding the conversion of other file formats to .jpg or .tif, please view our Figure Submission FAQ.

Accepted Figure File Formats: Other acceptable file formats include: .bmp, .gif, .pbm, .pcx, .png, .pct, .msp, .tif, .eps, .xbm, .psd, .ai, .indd, .pdf, and .tga files. When sending image files, please do not embed them in Word. You may submit mixed file formats (image1.jpg, image2.tif, image3.eps, etc.).

Image File Formats not Supported at this Time: Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets, ChemDraw, CorelDraw, Canvas, FreeHand, SigmaPlot, QuarkXpress, and Equation Editor. You may export image files from these programs as PDF, JPEG, or other acceptable file formats. For questions regarding the conversion of these file formats to our preferred formats, please view our Figure Submission FAQ.

File Naming Convention: Figures should be named consecutively such as “figure 1.tif,” “figure 2.jpg,” etc., with the file extension appended (.tif, .jpg, .eps, etc). Each figure should be saved as a separate electronic file.

Color Files: Figures should be submitted in the CMYK color space. Authors are encouraged to present color figures in a manner that will allow the data to be interpreted by colorblind readers. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology suggests that authors present dual-labeled images in green and magenta rather than in green and red. See the website of the Jfly data depository for Drosphila researchers (http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/color/) for more information on how to make figures and presentations intelligible for a colorblind audience.

Font: If your figures include text, an 8 to 10 point font should be used. Acceptable fonts are “sans serif” fonts such as Helvetica, Arial, and Myriad. Examples of unacceptable fonts (“serif” fonts) are Times New Roman, Palatino, and Garamond. Lettering should begin with an upper case letter, followed by lower case lettering.

Multiple Panel Figures: Please submit each panel (image) separately. However, you may submit a multiple panel version to suggest the order in which you would like the panels arranged. You may also include a written, suggested layout. Each individual panel should be of the highest possible quality (300 ppi or higher) at actual print size.

Cost: Authors will be required to pay for the printing of color figures ($650 for the first color figure and $100 each for additional figures). If the manuscript is reviewed with color figures, it must be published with color figures with printing fees paid for by the author. If the author does not wish to pay for printing color figures, then the figures must be uploaded in grayscale or black-and-white only to allow review of the data as they will ultimately be published in print. Authors may include color images to be published online only by uploading the color files separately as supplemental files.

Supplemental Material 

We encourage you to submit non-essential figures or portions of your manuscript as supplementary material for online-only publication, as our readership highly values supplementary materials. However, please note that important methods should be within the body of the text and not provided as supplemental information. Exceptions that may be included in the supplemental information include tables of primers or antibodies with legends in such tables describing details of the use of such reagents. Also, authors who offer supplementary information must ensure those materials are readily available upon request.

The portions of your manuscript that you would like to include as supplementary material (including figures and tables must be combined into a single PDF file and uploaded separately from the manuscript file. That PDF must then be uploaded as item type “supporting document.” For manuscripts in the revision stage, authors who upload multiple supporting documents instead of one PDF file will have their submission returned to them before further processing. Once the supplementary material is successfully uploaded, there will be a link in the manuscript for editors and reviewers to access it.

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Reporting Clinical Trials 

Authors of manuscripts involving clinical trials must provide full registration of their clinical trial(s). A clinical trial is defined as any research project that prospectively assigns human subjects to intervention and comparison groups to study the cause-and-effect relationship between a medical intervention and a health outcome. The trial must have at least one prospectively assigned concurrent control or comparison group in order to trigger the requirement for registration.

Gastroenterology has adopted the recommendations put forth by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). For more information on the ICMJE recommendations, please go to http://www.icmje.org. Appropriate online registries include www.clinicaltrials.gov, www.isrctn.org, www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm, www.actr.org.au, www.trialregister.nl or any primary registers that participate in the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trial Platform. The clinical trial registry URL and the clinical trial number must be included in the body of the manuscript and must be provided in the manuscript management system upon submission.

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Randomized Controlled Trials 

Randomized controlled trials should be presented according to the CONSORT guidelines (http://www.consort-statement.org). At manuscript submission, authors must provide the CONSORT checklist accompanied with a flow diagram that illustrates the progress of patients through the trial, including recruitment, enrollment, randomization, withdrawal and completion, and a detailed description of the randomization procedure. The CONSORT checklist and template flow diagram can be found on www.consort-statement.org. Manuscripts that fail to comply with CONSORT guidelines will not be reviewed for publication.

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Reporting Meta-Analyses of Genetic Studies 

Gastroenterology requires all meta-analyses of genetic studies to follow the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) guidelines. To review the guidelines, go to http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/reviews/guidelines.htm.

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Distribution of Material Described in Published Papers 

Authors are expected to make available materials such as cell lines, cDNA clones, hybridomas, antibodies, biological reagents, unique animals, etc. to any qualified investigator. Prior to the submission of newly cloned genes or nucleic acid sequences, the Journal requires authors to provide an accession number to a publicly accessible, recognized data repository (e.g. GenBank) on the title page of the manuscript.

Transcript profiling (expression microarray) data must be submitted to an appropriate repository (either NCBI's GEO or EBI's ArrayExpress). The data should preferably be MIAME compliant (http://www.mged.org/Workgroups/MIAMEMiame.html). The repository URL and the data accession number must be included, both in the body of the manuscript, and the manuscript management system, upon submission. The full dataset must be available to reviewers either via a download link or on a data disk (5 copies).

Other large datasets produced using genomics technologies (including but not limited to ChIP on Chip, Genotyping, aCGH and Tilling Arrays) must be deposited in an appropriate public repository. Please include the repository URL and the data accession number, both in the body of the manuscript and the manuscript management system, upon submission. If there is no public repository for the submitted data, it is the author's responsibility to provide permanent publicly accessible links to the raw data and access for the reviewers.

These guidelines are a means of encouraging the free exchange of scientific information and to promote progress in all areas of gastroenterological investigation.

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Manuscript Processing and Review 

Submissions. The Editorial Office receives over 2000 manuscripts a year. Each new manuscript receives a unique number, and information on the manuscript is recorded on the Editorial Office computer network. The editorial staff releases information on manuscripts only to authors. The Editorial Office will e-mail a letter to the corresponding author acknowledging receipt of a manuscript, whether new or a resubmission.

Review process. Each manuscript is assigned to an Associate Editor who has expertise on the subject of the manuscript. After review by the Associate Editor, if the manuscript is judged to be appropriate and competitive for publication in Gastroenterology, it is sent to experts in the appropriate area for peer review. The Associate Editor chooses 2 or 3 reviewers, who remain anonymous. Authors are encouraged to suggest an Associate Editor and 2 to 5 reviewers in the cover letter, though final assignments are at the discretion of the editor.

Reviewers provide comments for the editor and for the authors. The Journal expects reviewers to treat manuscripts as confidential communications and not to use the content for their own purposes or make copies of the manuscripts. Reviewers are also expected to declare to the editor any possible conflicts of interest.

Decisions. The single most important criterion for acceptance is the originality of the work. However, a decision to accept a manuscript is not based solely on the scientific validity of its content. Other factors affecting decisions include the extent and importance of new information in the paper compared with that in other papers being considered, the Journal's need to represent a wide range of topics, and the overall suitability for Gastroenterology. Decision letters usually, but not always, convey all factors considered for a particular decision. Occasionally, the comments to the authors may appear to be inconsistent with the editorial decision, which takes into consideration reviewers' comments to the editor, as well as the additional factors listed above.

Decisions on peer-reviewed papers are e-mailed to the authors an average of 3 weeks from the date of submission.

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Publication 

Accepted manuscripts are sent to the publisher, Elsevier, and are indexed on PubMed soon after acceptance. Within 5 to 7 business days, they will be uploaded to Gastroenterology online (www.gastrojournal.org) under “Articles in Press” for preprint viewing by subscribers. Once authors have had the opportunity to review proofs of their manuscripts, these author-corrected proofs will replace the uncorrected proofs, followed by the final articles on PubMed.

Manuscripts are copyedited to make them consistent with Journal style; if a particular section in the manuscript is not clear or requires additional information, the copy editor will direct questions to the author. These questions, or “author queries,” will appear in the margins of the proofs that are sent to the author. All abstracts and titles will be reviewed and possibly modified by the Journal's science editor. Authors can review changes at the Accept with Revision stage of their manuscripts. All line art will be reviewed and possibly modified by the Journal's graphics staff. Authors can review changes at the proof stage of their manuscripts.

The time between acceptance and print publication is approximately 3 months. The corresponding author can expect proofs of the article approximately 2 months after acceptance. Authors receive proofs for the primary purpose of checking the accuracy of the typesetting; authors are not to revise or rewrite their articles at this stage. If after acceptance of their paper, authors become aware of important information they believe should be added to their manuscript, they should contact the editor of Gastroenterology.

Authors are required to return proofs to the publisher within 48 hours. If changes are not returned within 48 hours, the manuscript will move forward in the production process.

Reprints. Forms for ordering article reprints will be sent with proofs to authors and should be returned with the corrected proofs. Authors do not receive free reprints, and therefore are responsible for ordering their own reprints (minimum order, 100) from the publisher.

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Contact Information 

The address for correspondence is: Anil K. Rustgi, MD, Editor, Gastroenterology, AGA Institute, 4930 Del Ray Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3015. Fax: (301)-654-1140. To contact the Editorial Office, call (301) 654-2055 x681 or e-mail gastro@gastro.org.

© 2009 by the AGA Institute

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Copyright Assignment, Authorship Responsibility, NIH Funding, Financial Disclosure, Institutional Review Board/Animal Care Committee Approval, and Sponsorship 

Copyright Assignment. In consideration of the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute (the “AGA Institute”) taking action to review and credit the below-identified submission (the “Manuscript”), and for other valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the undersigned authors and/or creators (the “Authors”), jointly and severally, hereby transfer, convey, and assign to the AGA Institute, free and clear of any liens, licenses or encumbrances, the entire right, title, and interest in and to the Manuscript throughout the world, including without limitation in and to any and all copyrights for the Manuscript (including but not limited to rights to copy, publish, excerpt, collect royalties and make derivative works) in print, electronic, Internet, broadcast, and all other forms and media now or hereafter known, and for any and all causes of action heretofore accrued in Authors' favor for infringement of the aforesaid copyrights, to have and to hold the same unto the AGA Institute, its successors and assigns, for and during the existence of the aforesaid copyrights, and all renewals and extensions thereof. At any time and from time to time hereafter, the Authors shall upon the AGA Institute's written request take any and all steps and execute, acknowledge and deliver to the AGA Institute any and all further instruments and assurances necessary or expedient in order to vest the aforesaid copyrights and causes of action more effectively in the AGA Institute. The Authors retain the nonexclusive permission to use all or part of the Manuscript in future works of their own in a noncompeting way, provided proper copyright credit is given to the AGA Institute. Should the AGA Institute finally determine that it will not publish the Manuscript, the AGA Institute agrees to assign its rights therein back to the Authors. (Note: material prepared by employees of the federal government in the course of their official duties may not be copyrightable.)

Authorship Responsibility. I, the undersigned Author, certify that I have participated sufficiently in the intellectual content, the analysis of data, if applicable, and the writing of the Manuscript, to take public responsibility for it. I have reviewed the final version of the Manuscript, believe it represents valid work, and approve it for publication. As an Author of this Manuscript, I certify that, except to the extent expressly credited to others in the text of the Manuscript: the entire Manuscript is an original creation of the Authors; and none of the material in the Manuscript has been published previously, is included in another manuscript, or is currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. I also certify that this Manuscript has not been accepted for publication elsewhere, and that I have not assigned, licensed, or otherwise transferred any right or interest in the Manuscript to anyone. Moreover, should the AGA Institute or the editors of GASTROENTEROLOGY request the data upon which the Manuscript is based, I shall produce it. Authors are responsible for applying for permission for both print and electronic rights for all borrowed materials and are responsible for paying any fees related to the applications of these permissions.

Institutional Review Board/Animal Care Committee Approval. I, the undersigned Author, certify that my institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.

Sponsorship. I, the undersigned author, certify that I had full access to all of the data in this study and I take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Manuscript title: ____________________________________________________

Signatures: Each Author must sign and date this statement and assignment. In the case of a work made for hire, the employer(s) must also sign. For example, for any Manuscript including any portion created in the course of employment for another (whether as a regular employee or as an independent contractor) requires the signature of the relevant employer(s).

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

Print Name:________________Date:________________Print Name:_________________Date:____________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

Print Name:________________Date:________________Print Name:_________________Date:____________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

Print Name:________________Date:________________Print Name:_________________Date:____________

Employer signature(s) as Author (required for works made for hire): Employer signature(s) as Author (required for works made for hire):

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

(Employer) (Employer)

By:______________________________________________ By:____________________________________

Print Name:________________Date:________________Print Name:_________________Date:____________

______________________________________________________________________________

□ If this Manuscript exists in the public domain because it was written as part of the official duties of the Authors as employees of the U.S. government, check this box.

National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding. My manuscript was supported in part, or in whole, by the NIH. In accordance with the NIH Public Access Policy, I understand that my manuscript, should it be accepted for publication, will be submitted to PubMed Central (PMC). I understand that my manuscript will therefore be freely accessible by the public via PMC twelve months from the date of its publication.

□ My NIH grant number is

______________________________________________________________________________

Financial Disclosure. Check the appropriate box and sign where indicated. All Authors must sign one of the statements below.

□ I, the undersigned Author, certify that I have no financial arrangements (e.g., employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants/patents received, or royalties) with a company whose product figures prominently in the submitted manuscript or with a company making a competing product. All funding sources supporting the work are acknowledged on the title page.

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

□ I, the undersigned Author, certify that I have included on the title page of the manuscript any financial arrangements (e.g., employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants/patents received, or royalties) that I have with a company whose product figures prominently in the submitted manuscript or with a company making a competing product. All funding sources supporting the work are acknowledged on the title page.

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________

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Checklist of items to include when reporting a randomized trial (56-58) 

PAPER SECTION And topicItemDescriptionReported on page #
TITLE & ABSTRACT1How participants were allocated to interventions (e.g., “random allocation”, “randomized”, or “randomly assigned”).
INTRODUCTION Background2Scientific background and explanation of rationale.
METHODS Participants3Eligibility criteria for participants and the settings and locations where the data were collected.
Interventions4Precise details of the interventions intended for each group and how and when they were actually administered.
Objectives5Specific objectives and hypotheses.
Outcomes6Clearly defined primary and secondary outcome measures and, when applicable, any methods used to enhance the quality of measurements (e.g., multiple observations, training of assessors).
Sample size7How sample size was determined and, when applicable, explanation of any interim analyses and stopping rules.
Randomization—Sequence generation8Method used to generate the random allocation sequence, including details of any restriction (e.g., blocking, stratification)
Randomization—Allocation concealment9Method used to implement the random allocation sequence (e.g., numbered containers or central telephone), clarifying whether the sequence was concealed until interventions were assigned.
Randomization—Implementation10Who generated the allocation sequence, who enrolled participants, and who assigned participants to their groups.
Blinding (masking)11Whether or not participants, those administering the interventions, and those assessing the outcomes were blinded to group assignment. When relevant, how the success of blinding was evaluated.
Statistical methods12Statistical methods used to compare groups for primary outcome(s); Methods for additional analyses, such as subgroup analyses and adjusted analyses.
RESULTS Participant flow13Flow of participants through each stage (a diagram is strongly recommended). Specifically, for each group report the numbers of participants randomly assigned, receiving intended treatment, completing the study protocol, and analyzed for the primary outcome. Describe protocol deviations from study as planned, together with reasons.
Recruitment14Dates defining the periods of recruitment and follow-up.
Baseline data15Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of each group.
Numbers analyzed16Number of participants (denominator) in each group included in each analysis and whether the analysis was by “intention-to-treat”. State the results in absolute numbers when feasible (e.g., 10/20, not 50%).
Outcomes and estimation17For each primary and secondary outcome, a summary of results for each group, and the estimated effect size and its precision (e.g., 95% confidence interval).
Ancillary analyses18Address multiplicity by reporting any other analyses performed, including subgroup analyses and adjusted analyses, indicating those pre-specified and those exploratory.
Adverse events19All important adverse events or side effects in each intervention group.
DISCUSSION Interpretation20Interpretation of the results, taking into account study hypotheses, sources of potential bias or imprecision and the dangers associated with multiplicity of analyses and outcomes.
Generalizability21Generalizability (external validity) of the trial findings.
Overall evidence22General interpretation of the results in the context of current evidence.

To access these links, please visit www.consort-statement.org, click on statement and scroll down to “go directly to checklist”.

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Style Guide 

Gastroenterology receives manuscripts from authors the world over. These papers are reviewed and read by medical personnel on every continent. Thus, national, regional, or personal variations in scientific terminology and style can impede the progress of a manuscript from submission to publication. In order to facilitate the reviewing and editing of manuscripts, we recommend that authors use the following style guidelines when manuscripts are submitted to or revised for the Journal. Final acceptance of any paper, however, will be based on its merits and its suitability for the Journal.

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Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Short Names 

Listed below are the preferred forms of some common abbreviations, acronyms, and short names. Unless otherwise noted, these short forms should always be written out in full in titles. When introducing these abbreviations (or others not listed here), the term should be written out in full and the abbreviation or acronym given in parentheses; thereafter only the abbreviations need be used.

ACTH.adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenocorticotropin)

ADP.adenosine diphosphate

ADPase.adenosine diphosphatase

ALT.alanine aminotransferase

AMP.adenosine monophosphate (adenylic acid)

anti-HAVantibody to hepatitis A virus

anti-HBcantibody to hepatitis B core antigen

anti-HBeantibody to hepatitis B e antigen

anti-HBsantibody to hepatitis B surface antigen

anti-HCVantibody to hepatitis C virus

anti-HDVantibody to hepatitis D (delta) virus

AST.aspartate aminotransferase

ATP.adenosine triphosphate

ATPase.adenosine triphosphatase

BUN.blood urea nitrogen

CAH.chronic active hepatitis

cAMP.adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate

CCK.cholecystokinin

CCK-LIcholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity

CD.Crohn's disease

CDAI.Crohn's Disease Activity Index

cDNA.complementary DNA

cGMP.guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate

CGRP.calcitonin gene-related peptide

CNS.central nervous system

CoA.coenzyme A

con A.concanavalin A

DEAE.diethylaminoethyl

DNA.deoxyribonucleic acid (deoxyribonucleate)*

EDTA.ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid*

FFA.free fatty acid(s)

GIP.gastric inhibitory polypeptide

GRP.gastrin-releasing peptide

HAV.hepatitis A virus

HBcAg.hepatitis B core antigen

HBeAg.hepatitis B e antigen

HBsAg.hepatitis B surface antigen

HBV.hepatitis B virus

HCC.hepatocellular carcinoma

HCV.hepatitis C virus

HDV.hepatitis D (delta) virus

H&Ehematoxylin and eosin stain*

HEPES.N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid*

IA.intra-arterial(ly)

IBD.inflammatory bowel disease

IC.intracisternal(ly)

ID.inner diameter†

IEL.intraepithelial leukocyte

Ig.immunoglobulin

IM.intramuscular(ly)

IP.intraperitoneal(ly)

IV.intravenous(ly)

Km.Michaelis constant

LES.lower esophageal sphincter

mol wt.molecular weight†

mRNA.messenger RNA

NANB.non-A, non-B (hepatitis)

NPY.neuropeptide Y

NSAID.nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

OD.outer diameter†

PAGE.polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

PBS.phosphate-buffered saline

PD.potential difference

PEG.polyethylene glycol

PG.prostaglandin

PGI.prostacyclin

PHI.peptide histidine isoleucine

PI.phosphatidylinositol

PLC.phospholipase C

PP.pancreatic polypeptide

PYY.peptide YY

RBC.red blood cell†

RIA.radioimmunoassay

RNA.ribonucleic acid*

SC.subcutaneous(ly)

SGOT.serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

SGPT.serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

SI.saturation index

SP.substance P

sp act.specific activity†

TLC.thin-layer chromatography

TPN.total parenteral nutrition

Tris.tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane*

TXA2.thromboxane A2

UC.ulcerative colitis

UDC.ursodeoxycholate

UDCA.ursodeoxycholic acid

UDP.uridine 5′-diphosphate

VIP.vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

vol.volume†

wt.weight†

⁎Need not be defined.

†Need not be defined, but use only with numerals, in figures, or in the body of tables.

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Measurements and Units of Measure 

Abbreviate measurements and units of measure only with numerals, in figures, or in the body of tables. In measurements using more than 2 units of measure (e.g., 1.5 μmol/cm2/s), do not use more than one slant line (solidus). Instead, please express the measurement in the following way:

1.5 μmol · cm−2 · s−1

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Combining Prefixes 


T.tera- (1012)

G.giga- (109)

M.mega- (106)

k.kilo- (103)

h.hecto- (102)

da.deca- (101)

d.deci- (10−1)

c.centi- (10−2)

m.milli- (10−3)

μmicro- (10−6)

n.nano- (10−9)

p.pico- (10−12)

f.femto- (10−15)

a.atto- (10−18)

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Units 


A.ampere(s)

Åangstrom(s)

cal.calorie(s)

°Cdegree(s) Celsius

C.coulomb(s)

cpm.counts per minute

cps.counts per second

cm3.cubic centimeter(s) (not cc)

Ci.Curie(s)

cycle/mincycles per minute

cycle/scycles per second

dalton(s)dalton(s) (do not abbreviate)

day(s)day(s) (do not abbreviate)

d.density

dpm.disintegrations per minute

dps.disintegrations per second

eV.electron volt(s)

Eq.equivalent(s)

°Fdegree(s) Fahrenheit

F.farad

ft.foot

G.gauss

g.gram(s)

g.gravity(ies)

t½half-life

H.henry(ies)

Hz.hertz

h.hour(s)

in.inch(es)

IU.international unit(s)

J.joule(s)

K.kelvin

kcal.kilocalorie(s)

kg.kilogram(s)

L.liter(s)

mL.milliliter(s)

μLmicroliter(s)

m.meter(s)

μmmicrometers (do not use microns, μ)

×magnification

mile/hmile(s) per hour (not mph)

mm Hg.millimeter(s) of mercury

min.minute(s)

mol/Lmolar

mo.month(s)

mol.mole(s)

newton(s)newton(s) (do not abbreviate)

N.normal

Ωohm(s)

osm.osmole(s)

oz.ounce(s)

Pa.pascal(s)

lb.pound(s)

rad(s)rad(s) (do not abbreviate)

rpm.revolutions per minute

rps.revolutions per second

s.second(s)

U.unit(s)

V.volt(s)

W.watt(s)

wk.week(s)

y.year(s)

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Radioisotopes 

Gastroenterology follows the recommendations adopted by the IUB Committee of Editors of Biochemical Journals. The guidelines are:

1.The symbol for the isotope should be placed in square brackets directly attached to the front of the name or formula labeled (e.g., [14C]urea). The isotopic prefix should be attached to the part of the name to which it refers (e.g., sodium [14C]formate). Exceptions to these guidelines are:
A.When the native chemical or substance does not contain any isotope of the radiolabel, use the hyphenated form (e.g., 131I-albumin).

B.When the radiolabeled chemical or substance is not a specific chemical name, use the hyphenated form (e.g., 3H-ligands, 14C-steroids).


2.Square brackets may be either used or omitted in short chemical formulas (e.g., 3H2O, 14CO2), or when the isotope stands alone (e.g., 3H, 14C).

3.When known, the positions of isotopic labeling should be indicated by Arabic numerals, Greek letters, or italicized prefixes (as appropriate)placed within the square brackets and before the isotope symbol (e.g., [1-3H]ethanol, l-[α-14C]leucine, [carboxyl-14C]leucine).

A more complete explanation can be found in the Instructions to Authors of Biochimica et Biophysica Acta and the Journal of Biological Chemistry, or in the IUPAC-CNOC Recommendations on Isotopically Modified Compounds (Eur J Biochem 1978;86:9–25).

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Statistical Terms 


χ2 methodchi-squared method

r.correlation coefficient

df.degrees of freedom

x.mean

NS.not significant

n.number of observations

P.probability

SD.standard deviation

SEM.standard error of the mean

Student t test.express in full

F.variance ratio

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General Information 

Chemical names. Chemical names should be spelled and styled according to the Merck Index, 10th edition.

Drug names. Please use generic names wherever possible. If a trade name drug was used in the study being reported, please cite the trade name in parentheses, along with the manufacturer's name and location (see Manufacturers).

Greek letters. Current preferred style favors the use of Greek letters over their English equivalents. Thus alpha-l-antitrypsin and gamma-globulin should be styled α1-antitrypsin and γ-globulin, respectively.

Manufacturers. When the use of specific scientific equipment or other products is cited in the manuscript, the manufacturer's full name, city, and state (or country) should be given in parentheses immediately after the citation. If other equipment or products from the same manufacturer are cited later in the paper, the manufacturer's name only should be given in parentheses.

Molecular weight. Molecular weight is a pure number, and is defined as molecular weight ratio; it is not expressed in daltons. The dalton is a unit of mass equal to the mass of one atom of carbon 12.

Trade names. Trade names should be capitalized, and the manufacturer's name and location should be cited as described in Manufacturers. Please note that some trade names are acronyms; these should be written in all capital letters.

PII: S0016-5085(09)01731-4

doi:10.1053/S0016-5085(09)01731-4

Gastroenterology
Volume 137, Issue 5 , Pages e14-e26, November 2009

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