Gastroenterology
Volume 136, Issue 3 , Pages 799-805 , March 2009

The Association Between Alcohol and Reflux Esophagitis, Barrett's Esophagus, and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

  • Lesley A. Anderson

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Lesley A. Anderson, PhD, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Mulhouse Building, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT12 6BJ. fax: (44) 0 28 9024 8017
    • ,
  • Marie M. Cantwell

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
    • ,
  • R.G. Peter Watson

      Affiliations

    • Royal Group of Hospitals, Belfast, Northern Ireland
    • ,
  • Brian T. Johnston

      Affiliations

    • Royal Group of Hospitals, Belfast, Northern Ireland
    • ,
  • Seamus J. Murphy

      Affiliations

    • Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, Northern Ireland
    • ,
  • Heather R. Ferguson

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
    • ,
  • Jim McGuigan

      Affiliations

    • Royal Group of Hospitals, Belfast, Northern Ireland
    • ,
  • Harry Comber

      Affiliations

    • National Cancer Registry, Cork, Ireland
    • ,
  • John V. Reynolds

      Affiliations

    • St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
    • ,
  • Liam J. Murray

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland

Received 22 August 2008 ,Accepted 2 December 2008.

References 

  1. Dent J, El-Serag HB, Wallander MA, et al. Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2005;54:710–717
  2. Keshavarzian A, Rizk G, Urban G, et al. Ethanol-induced esophageal motor disorder: development of an animal model. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1990;14:76–81
  3. Kawanishi M. Will symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease develop into reflux esophagitis?. J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:440–443
  4. Mohammed I, Nightingale P, Trudgill NJ. Risk factors for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a community study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:821–827
  5. Nocon M, Labenz J, Willich SN. Lifestyle factors and symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux—a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:169–174
  6. Locke GR, Talley NJ, Fett SL, et al. Risk factors associated with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Med. 1999;106:642–649
  7. Bagnardi V, Blangiardo M, La VC, et al. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 2001;85:1700–1705
  8. Veugelers PJ, Porter GA, Guernsey DL, et al. Obesity and lifestyle risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 2006;19:321–328
  9. Conio M, Filiberti R, Blanchi S, et al. Risk factors for Barrett's esophagus: a case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2002;97:225–229
  10. Ryan P, Hetzel DJ, Shearman DJ, et al. Risk factors for ulcerative reflux oesophagitis: a case-control study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;10:306–312
  11. Avidan B, Sonnenberg A, Schnell TG, et al. Risk factors for erosive reflux esophagitis: a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:41–46
  12. Vaughan TL, Davis S, Kristal A, et al. Obesity, alcohol, and tobacco as risk factors for cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia: adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995;4:85–92
  13. Kabat GC, Ng SK, Wynder EL. Tobacco, alcohol intake, and diet in relation to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Cancer Causes Control. 1993;4:123–132
  14. Garidou A, Tzonou A, Lipworth L, et al. Life-style factors and medical conditions in relation to esophageal cancer by histologic type in a low-risk population. Int J Cancer. 1996;68:295–299
  15. Gammon MD, Schoenberg JB, Ahsan H, et al. Tobacco, alcohol, and socioeconomic status and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1277–1284
  16. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, et al. The role of tobacco, snuff and alcohol use in the aetiology of cancer of the oesophagus and gastric cardia. Int J Cancer. 2000;85:340–346
  17. Zhang ZF, Kurtz RC, Sun M, et al. Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia: medical conditions, tobacco, alcohol, and socioeconomic factors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5:761–768
  18. Wu AH, Wan P, Bernstein L. A multiethnic population-based study of smoking, alcohol and body size and risk of adenocarcinomas of the stomach and esophagus (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12:721–732
  19. Menke-Pluymers MB, Hop WC, Dees J, et al. Risk factors for the development of an adenocarcinoma in columnar-lined (Barrett) esophagus (The Rotterdam Esophageal Tumor Study Group). Cancer. 1993;72:1155–1158
  20. Lindblad M, Rodriguez LA, Lagergren J. Body mass, tobacco and alcohol and risk of esophageal, gastric cardia, and gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma among men and women in a nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:285–294
  21. Levi F, Ollyo JB, La VC, et al. The consumption of tobacco, alcohol and the risk of adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus. Int J Cancer. 1990;45:852–854
  22. Hashibe M, Boffetta P, Janout V, et al. Esophageal cancer in Central and Eastern Europe: tobacco and alcohol. Int J Cancer. 2007;120:1518–1522
  23. Freedman ND, Abnet CC, Leitzmann MF, et al. A prospective study of tobacco, alcohol, and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:1424–1433
  24. Brown LM, Silverman DT, Pottern LM, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction in white men in the United States: alcohol, tobacco, and socioeconomic factors. Cancer Causes Control. 1994;5:333–340
  25. Anderson LA, Johnston BT, Watson RG, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the esophageal inflammation-metaplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. Cancer Res. 2006;66:4975–4982
  26. Day N, Oakes S, Luben R, et al. EPIC-Norfolk: study design and characteristics of the cohort (European Prospective Investigation of Cancer). Br J Cancer. 1999;80(Suppl 1):95–103
  27. Harrington KE, Robson PJ, Kiely M, et al. The North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey: survey design and methodology. Public Health Nutr. 2001;4:1037–1042
  28. Bahmanyar S, Ye W. Dietary patterns and risk of squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Nutr Cancer. 2006;54:171–178
  29. Mayne ST, Navarro SA. Diet, obesity and reflux in the etiology of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia in humans. J Nutr. 2002;132:S3467–S3470
  30. Pandeya N, Williams GGAC, Webb PM, Whiteman DC Australian Cancer Study. Alcohol consumption and the risks of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2008;
  31. Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G, et al. Alcohol use and sociodemographic characteristics as risk factors for Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2008;
  32. Jelski W, Chrostek L, Laszewicz W, et al. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isoenzyme activity in the sera of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:1513–1516
  33. Terry MB, Gammon MD, Zhang FF, et al. Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 and risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas. Cancer Causes Control. 2007;18:1039–1046
  34. Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance. North/South Ireland food consumption survey summary report. In: Dublin: Food Safety Promotion Board; 2001;p. 1–40

 This article has an accompanying continuing medical education activity on page 1104. Learning Objective—At the end of this activity, the successful learner should be able to identify the strengths and limitations of case-control studies in examining risk factors for reflux esophagitis and to interpret the findings of a case-control study.

 Conflict of interest The authors disclose no conflicts.

 Funding Supported by an Ireland-Northern Ireland Co-operation Research Project Grant sponsored by the Northern Ireland Research & Development Office, by the Health Research Board, Ireland, and by the Ulster Cancer Foundation.

PII: S0016-5085(08)02180-X

doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.005

Gastroenterology
Volume 136, Issue 3 , Pages 799-805 , March 2009

Article Tools