Gastroenterology
Volume 135, Issue 4 , Pages 1392-1413.e5 , October 2008

American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  • Peter J. Kahrilas

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
  • ,
  • Nicholas J. Shaheen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
  • ,
  • Michael F. Vaezi

      Affiliations

    • Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee

References 

  1. Shaheen NJ, Hansen RA, Morgan DR, et al. The burden of gastrointestinal and liver diseases, 2006. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2128–2138
  2. Sontag SJ, Sonnenberg A, Schnell TG, et al. The long-term natural history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40:398–404
  3. Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease (A global evidence-based consensus). Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1900–1920
  4. Wiklund I, Carlsson J, Vakil N. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and well-being in a random sample of the general population of a Swedish community. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:18–28
  5. Kahrilas PJ, Miner P, Johanson J, et al. Efficacy of rabeprazole in the treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50:2009–2018
  6. Guidance for Industry: patient-reported outcome measures: use in medical product development to support labeling claims. http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/index.htm2006;
  7. Nebel OT, Castell DO. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure changes after food ingestion. Gastroenterology. 1972;63:778–783
  8. Pehl C, Waizenhoefer A, Wendl B, et al. Effect of low and high fat meals on lower esophageal sphincter motility and gastroesophageal reflux in healthy subjects. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1192–1196
  9. Waring JP, Eastwood TF, Austin JM, et al. The immediate effects of cessation of cigarette smoking on gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84:1076–1078
  10. Harvey RF, Gordon PC, Hadley N, et al. Effects of sleeping with the bed-head raised and of ranitidine in patients with severe peptic oesophagitis. Lancet. 1987;2:1200–1203
  11. Jacobson BC, Somers SC, Fuchs CS, et al. Body-mass index and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in women. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2340–2348
  12. Hampel H, Abraham NS, El-Serag HB. Meta-analysis (Obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications). Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:199–211
  13. El-Serag HB, Ergun GA, Pandolfino J, et al. Obesity increases oesophageal acid exposure. Gut. 2007;56:749–755
  14. Pandolfino JE, El-Serag HB, Zhang Q, et al. Obesity (A challenge to esophagogastric junction integrity). Gastroenterology. 2006;130:639–649
  15. Wu JC, Mui LM, Cheung CM, et al. Obesity is associated with increased transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:883–889
  16. Fraser-Moodie CA, Norton B, et al. Weight loss has an independent beneficial effect on symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients who are overweight. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999;34:337–340
  17. Kjellin A, Ramel S, Rossner S, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in obese patients is not reduced by weight reduction. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996;31:1047–1051
  18. An evidence-based appraisal of reflux disease management—the Genval Workshop Report. Gut. 1999;44(Suppl 2):S1–S16
  19. DeVault KR, Castell DO. Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:190–200
  20. Armstrong D, Marshall JK, Chiba N, et al. Canadian Consensus Conference on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults—update 2004. Can J Gastroenterol. 2005;19:15–35
  21. Khan M, Santana J, Donnellan C, et al. Medical treatments in the short term management of reflux oesophagitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;2:CD003244
  22. Dean BB, Gano AD, Knight K, et al. Effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors in nonerosive reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:656–664
  23. Chiba N, De Gara CJ, Wilkinson JM, et al. Speed of healing and symptom relief in grade II to IV gastroesophageal reflux disease (A meta-analysis). Gastroenterology. 1997;112:1798–1810
  24. Sabesin SM, Berlin RG, Humphries TJ, et al. Famotidine relieves symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and heals erosions and ulcerations (Results of a multicenter, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study). USA Merck Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Study Group Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:2394–2400
  25. Venables TL, Newland RD, Patel AC, et al. Omeprazole 10 milligrams once daily, omeprazole 20 milligrams once daily, or ranitidine 150 milligrams twice daily, evaluated as initial therapy for the relief of symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in general practice. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:965–973
  26. van Pinxteren B, Numans ME, Bonis PA, et al. Short-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists and prokinetics for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms and endoscopy negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3:CD002095
  27. Kahrilas PJ, Fennerty MB, Joelsson B. High- versus standard-dose ranitidine for control of heartburn in poorly responsive acid reflux disease: a prospective, controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:92–97
  28. Johnson DA, Benjamin SB, Vakil NB, et al. Esomeprazole once daily for 6 months is effective therapy for maintaining healed erosive esophagitis and for controlling gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:27–34
  29. Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Stasney CR, et al. Treatment of chronic posterior laryngitis with esomeprazole. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:254–260
  30. Kiljander TO, Harding SM, Field SK, et al. Effects of esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily on asthma: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:1091–1097
  31. Chang AB, Lasserson TJ, Kiljander TO, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of gastro-oesophageal reflux interventions for chronic cough associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux. BMJ. 2006;332:11–17
  32. Peghini PL, Katz PO, Castell DO. Ranitidine controls nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough on omeprazole: a controlled study in normal subjects. Gastroenterology. 1998;115:1335–1339
  33. Fackler WK, Ours TM, Vaezi MF, et al. Long-term effect of H2RA therapy on nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:625–632
  34. Ours TM, Fackler WK, Richter JE, et al. Nocturnal acid breakthrough: clinical significance and correlation with esophageal acid exposure. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:545–550
  35. Vakil N, Guda N, Partington S. The effect of over-the-counter ranitidine 75 mg on night-time heartburn in patients with erosive oesophagitis on daily proton pump inhibitor maintenance therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:649–653
  36. Miller LG, Jankovic J. Metoclopramide-induced movement disorders (Clinical findings with a review of the literature). Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:2486–2492
  37. Amidon PB, Jankovich R, Stoukides CA, et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy: preliminary results of a therapeutic interchange program. Am J Manag Care. 2000;6:593–601
  38. Castell DO, Kahrilas PJ, Richter JE, et al. Esomeprazole (40 mg) compared with lansoprazole (30 mg) in the treatment of erosive esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:575–583
  39. Richter JE, Kahrilas PJ, Johanson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of esomeprazole compared with omeprazole in GERD patients with erosive esophagitis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:656–665
  40. Vakil N, Moayyedi P, Fennerty MB, et al. Limited value of alarm features in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal malignancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:390–401
  41. Vakil NB, Traxler B, Levine D. Dysphagia in patients with erosive esophagitis: prevalence, severity, and response to proton pump inhibitor treatment. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:665–668
  42. Gonsalves N, Policarpio-Nicolas M, Zhang Q, et al. Histopathologic variability and endoscopic correlates in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64:313–319
  43. Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:1342–1363
  44. Prasad GA, Talley NJ, Romero Y, et al. Prevalence and predictive factors of eosinophilic esophagitis in patients presenting with dysphagia: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2627–2632
  45. Pandolfino JE, Kahrilas PJ. AGA technical review on the clinical use of esophageal manometry. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:209–224
  46. Ghosh SK, Pandolfino JE, Rice J, et al. Impaired deglutitive EGJ relaxation in clinical esophageal manometry: a quantitative analysis of 400 patients and 75 controls. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007;293:G878–G885
  47. Pandolfino JE, Ghosh SK, Rice J, et al. Classifying esophageal motility by pressure topography characteristics: a study of 400 patients and 75 controls. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:27–37
  48. Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Curvers WL, et al. Determinants of perception of heartburn and regurgitation. Gut. 2006;55:313–318
  49. Zerbib F, Duriez A, Roman S, et al. Determinants of gastro-oesophageal reflux perception in patients with persistent symptoms despite proton pump inhibitors. Gut. 2008;57:156–160
  50. Kahrilas PJ. When PPIs fail. (editorial) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:482–483
  51. Locke GR, Talley NJ, Fett SL, et al. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:1448–1456
  52. Brattberg G, Parker MG, Thorslund M. A longitudinal study of pain: reported pain from middle age to old age. Clin J Pain. 1997;13:144–149
  53. Eslick GD, Jones MP, Talley NJ. Non-cardiac chest pain: prevalence, risk factors, impact and consulting–a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:1115–1124
  54. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Wallander M, Johansson S. Natural history of chest pain in GERD. Gut. 2005;54(Suppl VII):A75;OP-G-325
  55. Richards H, McConnachie A, Morrison C, et al. Social and gender variation in the prevalence, presentation and general practitioner provisional diagnosis of chest pain. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54:714–718
  56. Kahn SE. The challenge of evaluating the patient with chest pain. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:1418–1419
  57. Cremonini F, Wise J, Moayyedi P, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic use of proton pump inhibitors in non-cardiac chest pain: a metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1226–1232
  58. Ciriza de los RC, Garcia ML, Diez HA, et al. Role of stationary esophageal manometry in clinical practice (Manometric results in patients with gastroesophageal reflux, dysphagia or non-cardiac chest pain). Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2004;96:606–608
  59. Dekel R, Pearson T, Wendel C, et al. Assessment of oesophageal motor function in patients with dysphagia or chest pain—the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:1083–1089
  60. Wang WH, Huang JQ, Zheng GF, et al. Is proton pump inhibitor testing an effective approach to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with noncardiac chest pain?: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1222–1228
  61. Ofman JJ, Gralnek IM, Udani J, et al. The cost-effectiveness of the omeprazole test in patients with noncardiac chest pain. Am J Med. 1999;107:219–227
  62. El-Serag HB, Sonnenberg A. Comorbid occurrence of laryngeal or pulmonary disease with esophagitis in United States military veterans. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:755–760
  63. Gislason T, Janson C, Vermeire P, et al. Respiratory symptoms and nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study of young adults in three European countries. Chest. 2002;121:158–163
  64. El-Serag HB, Lee P, Buchner A, et al. Lansoprazole treatment of patients with chronic idiopathic laryngitis: a placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:979–983
  65. Sontag SJ, O'Connell S, Khandelwal S, et al. Asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux: long term results of a randomized trial of medical and surgical antireflux therapies. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:987–999
  66. Larrain A, Carrasco E, Galleguillos F, et al. Medical and surgical treatment of nonallergic asthma associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Chest. 1991;99:1330–1335
  67. Hicks DM, Vaezi MF, Ours TM, et al. ENT signs of GERD. J Voice. 2002;16:564–579
  68. Vaezi MF, Hicks DM, Abelson TI, et al. Laryngeal signs and symptoms and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a critical assessment of cause and effect association. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;1:333–344
  69. Field SK, Sutherland LR. Does medical antireflux therapy improve asthma in asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux?: a critical review of the literature. Chest. 1998;114:275–283
  70. Kamel PL, Hanson D, Kahrilas PJ. Omeprazole for the treatment of posterior laryngitis. Am J Med. 1994;96:321–326
  71. Park W, Hicks DM, Khandwala F, et al. Laryngopharyngeal reflux: prospective cohort study evaluating optimal dose of proton-pump inhibitor therapy and pretherapy predictors of response. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:1230–1238
  72. Charbel S, Khandwala F, Vaezi MF. The role of esophageal pH monitoring in symptomatic patients on PPI therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:283–289
  73. Harding SM, Richter JE, Guzzo MR, et al. Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux: acid suppressive therapy improves asthma outcome. Am J Med. 1996;100:395–405
  74. Qadeer MA, Phillips CO, Lopez AR, et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy for suspected GERD-related chronic laryngitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2646–2654
  75. Pace F, Bianchi PG. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: a typical spectrum disease (a new conceptual framework is not needed). Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:946–949
  76. Fass R, Ofman JJ. Gastroesophageal reflux disease–should we adopt a new conceptual framework?. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1901–1909
  77. Schindlbeck NE, Klauser AG, Berghammer G, et al. Three year follow up of patients with gastrooesophageal reflux disease. Gut. 1992;33:1016–1019
  78. Isolauri J, Luostarinen M, Isolauri E, et al. Natural course of gastroesophageal reflux disease: 17-22 year follow-up of 60 patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:37–41
  79. McDougall NI, Johnston BT, Collins JS, et al. Three- to 4.5-year prospective study of prognostic indicators in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33:1016–1022
  80. McDougall NI, Johnston BT, Collins JS, et al. Disease progression in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease as determined by repeat oesophageal pH monitoring and endoscopy 3 to 4.5 years after diagnosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997;9:1161–1167
  81. Wetscher GJ, Gadenstaetter M, Klingler PJ, et al. Efficacy of medical therapy and antireflux surgery to prevent Barrett's metaplasia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann Surg. 2001;234:627–632
  82. Manabe N, Yoshihara M, Sasaki A, et al. Clinical characteristics and natural history of patients with low-grade reflux esophagitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17:949–954
  83. Pace F, Bollani S, Molteni P, et al. Natural history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease without oesophagitis (NERD)—a reappraisal 10 years on. Dig Liver Dis. 2004;36:111–115
  84. Bajbouj M, Reichenberger J, Neu B, et al. A prospective multicenter clinical and endoscopic follow-up study of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Z Gastroenterol. 2005;43:1303–1307
  85. Kawanishi M. Will symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease develop into reflux esophagitis?. J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:440–443
  86. Labenz J, Nocon M, Lind T, et al. Prospective follow-up data from the ProGERD study suggest that GERD is not a categorial disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2457–2462
  87. Stoltey J, Reeba H, Ullah N, et al. Does Barrett's oesophagus develop over time in patients with chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25:83–91
  88. El-Serag HB, Sonnenberg A. Associations between different forms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut. 1997;41:594–599
  89. Johnson DA, Fennerty MB. Heartburn severity underestimates erosive esophagitis severity in elderly patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:660–664
  90. Johnson DA, Benjamin SB, Vakil NB, et al. Esomeprazole once daily for 6 months is effective therapy for maintaining healed erosive esophagitis and for controlling gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:27–34
  91. Vakil NB, Shaker R, Johnson DA, et al. The new proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole is effective as a maintenance therapy in GERD patients with healed erosive oesophagitis: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:927–935
  92. Caos A, Breiter J, Perdomo C, et al. Long-term prevention of erosive or ulcerative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease relapse with rabeprazole 10 or 20 mg vs. placebo: results of a 5-year study in the United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:193–202
  93. Birbara C, Breiter J, Perdomo C, et al. Rabeprazole for the prevention of recurrent erosive or ulcerative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Rabeprazole Study Group Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;12:889–897
  94. Donnellan C, Sharma N, Preston C, et al. Medical treatments for the maintenance therapy of reflux oesophagitis and endoscopic negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2:CD003245
  95. Richter JE, Fraga P, Mack M, et al. Prevention of erosive oesophagitis relapse with pantoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:567–575
  96. Metz DC, Bochenek WJ. Pantoprazole maintenance therapy prevents relapse of erosive oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:155–164
  97. Richter JE, Campbell DR, Kahrilas PJ, et al. Lansoprazole compared with ranitidine for the treatment of nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1803–1809
  98. Richter JE, Kovacs TO, Greski-Rose PA, et al. Lansoprazole in the treatment of heartburn in patients without erosive oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13:795–804
  99. Pace F, Tonini M, Pallotta S, et al. Systematic review: maintenance treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease with proton pump inhibitors taken ‘on-demand’. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:195–204
  100. Tsai HH, Chapman R, Shepherd A, et al. Esomeprazole 20 mg on-demand is more acceptable to patients than continuous lansoprazole 15 mg in the long-term maintenance of endoscopy-negative gastro-oesophageal reflux patients: the COMMAND Study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:657–665
  101. Sjostedt S, Befrits R, Sylvan A, et al. Daily treatment with esomeprazole is superior to that taken on-demand for maintenance of healed erosive oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:183–191
  102. Inadomi JM, McIntyre L, Bernard L, et al. Step-down from multiple- to single-dose proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): a prospective study of patients with heartburn or acid regurgitation completely relieved with PPIs. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1940–1944
  103. Cote GA, Ferreira MR, Rozenberg-Ben-Dror K, et al. Programme of stepping down from twice daily proton pump inhibitor therapy for symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease associated with a formulary change at a VA medical center. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25:709–714
  104. van Soest EM, Siersema PD, Dieleman JP, et al. Persistence and adherence to proton pump inhibitors in daily clinical practice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:377–385
  105. Koufman JA, Belafsky PC, Bach KK, et al. Prevalence of esophagitis in patients with pH-documented laryngopharyngeal reflux. Laryngoscope. 2002;112:1606–1609
  106. Halum SL, Postma GN, Bates DD, et al. Incongruence between histologic and endoscopic diagnoses of Barrett's esophagus using transnasal esophagoscopy. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:303–306
  107. Ford CN. Evaluation and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux. JAMA. 2005;294:1534–1540
  108. Qadeer MA, Colabianchi N, Strome M, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and laryngeal cancer: causation or association? (A critical review). Am J Otolaryngol. 2006;27:119–128
  109. Bjornsson E, Abrahamsson H, Simren M, et al. Discontinuation of proton pump inhibitors in patients on long-term therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:945–954
  110. Tran T, Spechler SJ, Richardson P, et al. Fundoplication and the risk of esophageal cancer in gastroesophageal reflux disease: a Veterans Affairs cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1002–1008
  111. Corley DA, Kerlikowske K, Verma R, et al. Protective association of aspirin/NSAIDs and esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:47–56
  112. Rantanen TK, Sihvo EI, Rasanen JV, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease as a cause of death is increasing: analysis of fatal cases after medical and surgical treatment. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:246–253
  113. Laine L, Ahnen D, McClain C, et al. Review article: potential gastrointestinal effects of long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14:651–668
  114. Ruscin JM, Page RL, Valuck RJ. Vitamin B(12) deficiency associated with histamine(2)-receptor antagonists and a proton-pump inhibitor. Ann Pharmacother. 2002;36:812–816
  115. Kuipers EJ, Lundell L, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, et al. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1018–1022
  116. Proton pump inhibitor relieving for cancer risk not warranted. 58. F-D-C Rep 1996.
  117. Winter JW, Paterson S, Scobie G, et al. N-nitrosamine generation from ingested nitrate via nitric oxide in subjects with and without gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:164–174
  118. Jalving M, Koornstra JJ, Wesseling J, et al. Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:1341–1348
  119. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Ruigomez A, Panes J. Use of acid-suppressing drugs and the risk of bacterial gastroenteritis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:1418–1423
  120. Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, et al. Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies. CMAJ. 2004;171:33–38
  121. Laheij RJ, Sturkenboom MC, Hassing RJ, et al. Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA. 2004;292:1955–1960
  122. Yang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, et al. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA. 2006;296:2947–2953
  123. av-Citrin O, Arnon J, Shechtman S, et al. The safety of proton pump inhibitors in pregnancy: a multicentre prospective controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:269–275
  124. Labenz J, Petersen KU, Rosch W, et al. A summary of Food and Drug Administration-reported adverse events and drug interactions occurring during therapy with omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:1015–1019
  125. Demirkan K, Bozkurt B, Karakaya G, et al. Anaphylactic reaction to drugs commonly used for gastrointestinal system diseases: 3 case reports and review of the literature. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16:203–209
  126. Simpson IJ, Marshall MR, Pilmore H, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and acute interstitial nephritis: report and analysis of 15 cases. Nephrology (Carlton). 2006;11:381–385
  127. Sierra F, Suarez M, Rey M, et al. Systematic review: proton pump inhibitor-associated acute interstitial nephritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:545–553
  128. Sundstrom A, Blomgren K, Alfredsson L, et al. Acid-suppressing drugs and gastroesophageal reflux disease as risk factors for acute pancreatitis—results from a Swedish Case-Control Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15:141–149
  129. O'Connell MB, Madden DM, Murray AM, et al. Effects of proton pump inhibitors on calcium carbonate absorption in women: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Med. 2005;118:778–781
  130. Dellon ES, Shaheen NJ. Does screening for Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus prolong survival?. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4478–4482
  131. Pohl H, Welch HG. The role of overdiagnosis and reclassification in the marked increase of esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:142–146
  132. Forman D. Re: The role of overdiagnosis and reclassification in the marked increase of esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1013–1014
  133. Eloubeidi MA, Mason AC, Desmond RA, et al. Temporal trends (1973-1997) in survival of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma in the United States: a glimmer of hope?. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1627–1633
  134. Shaheen NJ, Crosby MA, Bozymski EM, et al. Is there publication bias in the reporting of cancer risk in Barrett's esophagus?. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:333–338
  135. Lichtenstein DR, Cash BD, Davila R, et al. Role of endoscopy in the management of GERD. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66:219–224
  136. Wang KK, Sampliner RE. Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:788–797
  137. Sampliner RE. Updated guidelines for the diagnosis, surveillance, and therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1888–1895
  138. Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, et al. Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population: an endoscopic study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:1825–1831
  139. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, et al. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:825–831
  140. Corley DA, Levin TR, Habel LA, et al. Surveillance and survival in Barrett's adenocarcinomas: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:633–640
  141. Conio M, Blanchi S, Lapertosa G, et al. Long-term endoscopic surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus (Incidence of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma: a prospective study). Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1931–1939
  142. van der BA, Dees J, Hop WC, et al. Oesophageal cancer is an uncommon cause of death in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 1996;39:5–8
  143. Sharma P, McQuaid K, Dent J, et al. A critical review of the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus: the AGA Chicago Workshop. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:310–330
  144. Finks JF, Wei Y, Birkmeyer JD. The rise and fall of antireflux surgery in the United States. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:1698–1701
  145. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. Guidelines for surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Surg Endosc. 1998;12:186–188
  146. Spechler SJ, Lee E, Ahnen D, et al. Long-term outcome of medical and surgical therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:2331–2338
  147. Lundell L, Miettinen P, Myrvold HE, et al. Seven-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing proton-pump inhibition with surgical therapy for reflux oesophagitis. Br J Surg. 2007;94:198–203
  148. Ye W, Chow WH, Lagergren J, et al. Risk of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux diseases and after antireflux surgery. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:1286–1293
  149. Shaheen N, Ransohoff DF. Gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett esophagus, and esophageal cancer: scientific review. JAMA. 2002;287:1972–1981
  150. Ortiz A, Martinez de Haro LF, Parrilla P, et al. Conservative treatment versus antireflux surgery in Barrett's oesophagus: long-term results of a prospective study. Br J Surg. 1996;83:274–278
  151. Corey KE, Schmitz SM, Shaheen NJ. Does a surgical antireflux procedure decrease the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus? (A meta-analysis). Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2390–2394
  152. Anvari M, Allen C, Marshall J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication versus proton pump inhibitors for treatment of patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease: one-year follow-up. Surg Innov. 2006;13:238–249
  153. Vakil N, Shaw M, Kirby R. Clinical effectiveness of laparoscopic fundoplication in a U.S. community. Am J Med. 2003;114:1–5
  154. Rantanen TK, Halme TV, Luostarinen ME, et al. The long term results of open antireflux surgery in a community-based health care center. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1777–1781
  155. Allen CJ, Anvari M. Does laparoscopic fundoplication provide long-term control of gastroesophageal reflux related cough?. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:633–637
  156. So JB, Zeitels SM, Rattner DW. Outcomes of atypical symptoms attributed to gastroesophageal reflux treated by laparoscopic fundoplication. Surgery. 1998;124:28–32
  157. Dominitz JA, Dire CA, Billingsley KG, et al. Complications and antireflux medication use after antireflux surgery. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:299–305
  158. Bais JE, Bartelsman JF, Bonjer HJ, et al. Laparoscopic or conventional Nissen fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: randomized clinical trial. The Netherlands Antireflux Surgery Study Group Lancet. 2000;355:170–174
  159. Klaus A, Hinder RA, DeVault KR, et al. Bowel dysfunction after laparoscopic antireflux surgery: incidence, severity, and clinical course. Am J Med. 2003;114:6–9
  160. Perdikis G, Hinder RA, Lund RJ, et al. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication: where do we stand?. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1997;7:17–21
  161. Madan A, Minocha A. Despite high satisfaction, majority of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease patients continue to use proton pump inhibitors after antireflux surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:601–605
  162. Funch-Jensen P, Bendixen A, Iversen MG, et al. Complications and frequency of redo antireflux surgery in Denmark: a nationwide study, 1997-2005. Surg Endosc. 2008;22:627–630
  163. Rantanen TK, Salo JA, Sipponen JT. Fatal and life-threatening complications in antireflux surgery: analysis of 5,502 operations. Br J Surg. 1999;86:1573–1577
  164. Flum DR, Koepsell T, Heagerty P, et al. The nationwide frequency of major adverse outcomes in antireflux surgery and the role of surgeon experience, 1992-1997. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;195:611–618
  165. Malhi-Chowla N, Gorecki P, Bammer T, et al. Dilation after fundoplication: timing, frequency, indications, and outcome. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55:219–223
  166. Cadiere GB, Rajan A, Rqibate M, et al. Endoluminal fundoplication (ELF)—evolution of EsophyX, a new surgical device for transoral surgery. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2006;15:348–355
  167. Rothstein R, Filipi C, Caca K, et al. Endoscopic full-thickness fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:704–712
  168. Jalving M, Koornstra JJ, Wesseling J, et al. Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:1341–1348
  169. Sharma VR, Brannon MA, Carloss EA. Effect of omeprazole on oral iron replacement in patients with iron deficiency anemia. South Med J. 2004;97:887–889

 Address requests for reprints to: Chair, Clinical Practice and Economics Committee, AGA Institute National Office, c/o Membership Department, 4930 Del Ray Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. Fax: (301) 654-5920

 Supported by grant R01 DC00646 from the Public Health Service.

 Peter J. Kahrilas is a consultant for AstraZeneca and TAP Pharmaceutical Products, Inc. Nicholas J. Shaheen is on the speaker's bureau for AstraZeneca and is a consultant for AstraZeneca and TAP Pharmaceutical Products, Inc and receives support (grant/research) from AstraZeneca, TAP Pharmaceutical Products, Inc, Proctor&Gamble, CCS Medical and Barrx Medical. Michael F. Vaezi is on the speaker's bureau of AstraZeneca, a consultant for AstraZeneca, Santarus, and Restech, and receives support (grant/research) from TAP Pharmaceutical Products, Inc, AstraZeneca, and Restech.

PII: S0016-5085(08)01605-3

doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.044

Gastroenterology
Volume 135, Issue 4 , Pages 1392-1413.e5 , October 2008