Acute Liver Cell Damage in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa: A Possible Role of Starvation-Induced Hepatocyte Autophagy

Background & Aims: Acute liver insufficiency is a rare complication of anorexia nervosa. The mechanisms for this complication are unclear. The aim of this study was to describe patient characteristics and clarify the mechanisms involved. Methods: Liver specimens from 12 patients (median age, 24 years; median body mass index, 11.3 kg/m²), with a prothrombin index <50% and/or an International Normalized Ratio >1.7 and anorexia nervosa as the only cause for acute liver injury were analyzed. A detailed pathologic examination was performed, including under electron microscopy. Results: Liver cell glycogen depletion was a constant finding. There was a contrast between the increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (56 times normal on average; 1,904 IU/L) and the absence of significant hepatocyte necrosis on histology. Centrilobular changes (trabecular atrophy and/or sinusoidal fibrosis) were observed in 6 patients. There were rare or no (<5%) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling–positive hepatocytes, suggesting that apoptosis was not the primary mechanism. Hepatocytes from 4 patients showed numerous autophagosomes, a morphologic hallmark of autophagy, on electron microscopy. In contrast, the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclei were normal in most cells. These features were absent in 11 control patients. The outcome was favorable in all patients, with a rapid return to normal liver function. Conclusions: Anorexia nervosa with extremely poor nutritional status should be added to the list of conditions causing acute liver insufficiency. Our findings show that starvation-induced autophagy in the human liver may be involved in liver cell death during anorexia nervosa, even though other mechanisms of liver cell damage could also play a role.

Abbreviations used in this paper: Atg, AuTophaGy-related, BMI, body mass index, GRP, glucose-related protein, INR, International Normalized Ratio, PAS, Periodic-acid-Schiff, TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling