Gastroenterology
Volume 129, Issue 5 , Pages 1756-1780 , November 2005

American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on the Evaluation of Dyspepsia

  • Nicholas J. Talley

      Affiliations

    • Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
    • Dr. Talley is a consultant for AstraZeneca, Novartis, Axcan, EB Med, Giaconda, Medscape, Solvay, Theravance, and Yamanouchi and received research support from Merck, Novartis, and TAP.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress requests for reprints to: Chair, Clinical Practice and Economics Committee, AGA National Office, c/o Membership Department, 4930 Del Ray Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. Fax: (301) 654-5920.
    • ,
  • Nimish B. Vakil

      Affiliations

    • University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin Marquette University College of Health Sciences, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
    • Dr. Vakil is a consultant for Meridian Diagnostics, Orexo, and AstraZeneca, and received research support from Janssen, AstraZeneca, and Novartis.
    • ,
  • Paul Moayyedi

      Affiliations

    • McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
    • Dr. Moayyedi is a consultant for AstraZeneca, Wyeth Laboratories, and Takeda. His Professorial Chair is also partially funded by an unrestricted donation from AstraZeneca.

References 

  1. Talley NJ , Silverstein MD , Agréus L , Nyrén O , Sonnenberg A , Holtmann G . AGA technical review (evaluation of dyspepsia) . Gastroenterology . 1998;114:582–595
  2. Talley NJ , Axon AT , Bytzer P , Holtmann G , Lam SK , Van Zanten SJ . Management of uninvestigated and functional dyspepsia (a Working Party report for the World Congresses of Gastroenterology 1998) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 1999;13:1135–1148
  3. Tytgat GN, Hungin A, Malfertheiner P, Talley NJ, Hongo M, McColl K, et al. Decision-making in dyspepsia (controversies in primary and secondary care) . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 1999;11:223–230
  4. Veldhuyzen van Zanten S, Flook N, Chiba N, Armstrong D, Barkun A, Bradette M, et al. An evidence-based approach to the management of uninvestigated dyspepsia in the era of Helicobacter pylori . CMAJ . 2000;162(12 Suppl):S3–S23
  5. Talley NJ , Lam SK , Goh KL , Fock KM . Management guidelines for uninvestigated and functional dyspepsia in the Asia-Pacific region (First Asian Pacific Working Party on Functional Dyspepsia) . J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 1998;13:335–353
  6. Talley NJ, Vakil N, Delaney B, Marshall B, Bytzer P, Engstrand L, et al. Management issues in dyspepsia (current consensus and controversies) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2004;39:913–918
  7. Health and Public Policy Committee . Endoscopy in the evaluation of dyspepsia . Ann Intern Med . 1985;102:266–269
  8. Chiba N . Treat the patients’ main dyspepsia complaint, not the ROME criteria . Am J Gastroenterol . 2004;99:1059–1062
  9. Talley NJ . Dyspepsia management in the millennium (the death of test and treat?) . Gastroenterology . 2002;122:1521–1525
  10. Everhart JE , Kruszon-Moran D , Perez-Perez GI , Tralka TS , McQuillan G . Seroprevalence and ethnic differences in Helicobacter pylori infection among adults in the United States . J Infect Dis . 2000;181:1359–1363
  11. Hawkey CJ , Langman MJ . Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: overall risks and management. Complementary roles for COX-2 inhibitors and proton pump inhibitors . Gut . 2003;52:600–608
  12. Feldman M , McMahon AT . Do cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors provide benefits similar to those of traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with less gastrointestinal toxicity? . Ann Intern Med . 2000;132:134–143
  13. Thomson A, Barkun A, Armstrong D, Chiba N, White R, Daniel S, et al. The prevalence of clinically significant endoscopic findings in primary care patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia (the Canadian Adult Dyspepsia Empiric treatment-prompt endoscopy (CADET-PE) study) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2003;17:1481–1491
  14. Jacobson BC , Ferris TG , Shea TL , Mahlis EM , Lee TH , Wang TC . Who is using chronic acid suppression therapy and why? . Am J Gastroenterol . 2003;98:51–58
  15. Westbrook JI , McIntosh JH , Talley NJ . The impact of dyspepsia definition on prevalence estimates (considerations for future researchers) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2000;3:227–233
  16. Dyspepsia (managing adults in primary care) . London, England: National Institute of Clinical Excellence; 2004;
  17. Talley NJ , Stanghellini V , Heading RC , Koch KL , Malagelada J , Tytgat GN . Functional gastroduodenal disorders . In:  Drossman DA editors. Rome II (the functional gastrointestinal disorders) . McLean, VA: Degnon; 2000;p. 299–350
  18. Moayyedi P , Duffy J , Delaney B . New approaches to enhance the accuracy of the diagnosis of reflux disease . Gut . 2004;53:55–57
  19. Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, Delaney B, Harris A, Innes M, et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for non-ulcer dyspepsia . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2003;1:CD002096
  20. Moayyedi P , Delaney B , Vakil N , Forman D , Talley N . The efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in non-ulcer dyspepsia (a systematic review and economic analysis) . Gastroenterology . 2004;127:1329–1337
  21. Talley NJ , Weaver AL , Tesmer DL , Zinsmeister AR . Lack of discriminant value of dyspepsia subgroups in patients referred for upper endoscopy . Gastroenterology . 1993;105:1378–1386
  22. Talley NJ , McNeil D , Piper DW . Discriminant value of dyspeptic symptoms (a study of the clinical presentation of 221 patients with dyspepsia of unknown cause, peptic ulceration, and cholelithiasis) . Gut . 1987;28:40–46
  23. Feinle-Bisset C , Vozzo R , Horowitz M , Talley NJ . Diet, food intake, and disturbed physiology in the pathogenesis of symptoms in functional dyspepsia . Am J Gastroenterol . 2004;99:170–181
  24. Tack J , Piessevaux H , Coulie B , Caenepeel P , Janssens J . Role of impaired gastric accommodation to a meal in functional dyspepsia . Gastroenterology . 1998;115:1346–1352
  25. Bredenoord AJ , Chial HJ , Camilleri M , Mullan BP , Murray JA . Gastric accommodation and emptying in evaluation of patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms . Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2003;1:264–272
  26. Zar S , Benson MJ , Kumar D . Review article (bloating in functional bowel disorders) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2002;16:1867–1876
  27. Eslick GD , Howell SC , Hammer J , Talley NJ . Empirically derived symptom sub-groups correspond poorly with diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (A factor and cluster analysis of a patient sample) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;19:133–140
  28. Quigley EMM . From comic relief to real understanding; how intestinal gas causes symptoms . Gut . 2003;52:1659–1661
  29. DeVault KR , Castell DO . Updated guildelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease . Am J Gastroenterol . 2005;100:190–200
  30. Sampliner RE  Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology . Updated guidelines for the diagnosis, surveillance, and therapy of Barrett’s esophagus . Am J Gastroenterol . 2002;97:1888–1895
  31. Management of Barrett’s esophagus . The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract (SSAT), American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) Consensus Panel . J Gastrointest Surg . 2000;4:115–116
  32. Goldstein JL . Challenges in managing NSAID-associated gastrointestinal tract injury . Digestion . 2004;69(Suppl 1):25–33
  33. Hunt RH , Bazzoli F . Should NSAID/low-dose aspirin takers be tested routinely for H. pylori infection and treated if positive? (Implications for primary risk of ulcer and ulcer relapse after initial healing) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;19(Suppl 1):9–16
  34. Rostom A, Dube C, Wells G, Tugwell P, Welch V, Jolicoeur E, et al. Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2002;4:CD002296
  35. El-Serag HB , Talley NJ . Systematic review (the prevalence and clinical course of functional dyspepsia) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;19:643–654
  36. Agreus L , Svardsudd K , Nyren O , Tibblin G . Irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia in the general population (overlap and lack of stability over time) . Gastroenterology . 1995;109:671–680
  37. Agreus L , Svardsudd K , Talley NJ , Jones MP , Tibblin G . Natural history of gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional abdominal disorders (a population-based study) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2001;96:2905–2914
  38. Talley N , Weaver A , Zinsmeister A , Melton LJ . Onset and disappearance of gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal disorders . Am J Epidemiol . 1992;136:165–177
  39. Drossman D, Li Z, Andruzzi E, Temple R, Talley N, Thompson W, et al. U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders (Prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact) . Dig Dis Sci . 1993;38:1569–1580
  40. Henke CJ , Levin TR , Henning JM , Potter LP . Work loss costs due to peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease in a health maintenance organization . Am J Gastroenterol . 2000;95:788–792
  41. Kurata JH , Nogawa AN , Everhart JE . A prospective study of dyspepsia in primary care . Dig Dis Sci . 2002;47:797–803
  42. Shi CW , Gralnek IM , Dulai GS , Towfigh A , Asch S . Consumer usage patterns of nonprescription histamine2-receptor antagonists . Am J Gastroenterol . 2004;99:606–610
  43. Shaw MJ , Fendrick AM , Kane RL , Adlis SA , Talley NJ . Self-reported effectiveness and physician consultation rate in users of over-the-counter histamine-2 receptor antagonists . Am J Gastroenterol . 2001;96:673–676
  44. Talley NJ , Zinsmeister AR , Schleck CD , Melton LJ . Dyspepsia and dyspepsia subgroups (a population-based study) . Gastroenterology . 1992;102:1259–1268
  45. Majumdar SR, Soumerai SB, Farraye FA, Lee M, Kemp JA, Henning JM, et al. Chronic acid-related disorders are common and underinvestigated . Am J Gastroenterol . 2003;98:2409–2414
  46. Koloski N , Talley N , Boyce P . Predictors of health care seeking for irritable bowel syndrome and nonulcer dyspepsia (a critical review of the literature on symptom and psychosocial factors) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2001;96:1340–1349
  47. Koloski NA , Talley NJ , Huskic SS , Boyce PM . Predictors of conventional and alternative health care seeking for irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2003;17:841–851
  48. Talley NJ , Boyce P , Jones M . Dyspepsia and health care seeking in a community (how important are psychological factors?) . Dig Dis Sci . 1998;43:1016–1022
  49. Howell S , Talley NJ . Does fear of serious disease predict consulting behaviour amongst patients with dyspepsia in general practice? . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 1999;11:881–886
  50. El-Serag HB , Talley NJ . Systematic review (health-related quality of life in functional dyspepsia) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2003;18:387–393
  51. Soll AH . Consensus conference. Medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease: practice guidelines. Practice Parameters of the American College of Gastroenterology . JAMA . 1996;275:622–629
  52. Bytzer P , Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O . Prediction of major pathological conditions in dyspeptic patients referred for endoscopy (A prospective validation study of a scoring system) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1992;27:987–992
  53. Hsu PI, Lai KH, Lo GH, Tseng HH, Lo CC, Chen HC, et al. Risk factors for ulcer development in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (a prospective two year follow up study of 209 patients) . Gut . 2002;51:15–20
  54. The Danish Dyspepsia Group . Value of the unaided clinical diagnosis in dyspeptic patients in primary care . Am J Gastroenterol . 2001;96:1417–1421
  55. El-Serag HB, Petersen NJ, Carter J, Graham DY, Richardson P, Genta RM, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux among different racial groups in the United States . Gastroenterology . 2004;126:1692–1699
  56. Quigley EM . Non-erosive reflux disease (part of the spectrum of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, a component of functional dyspepsia, or both?) . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2001;13(Suppl 1):S13–S18
  57. Small PK , Loudon MA , Waldron B , Smith D , Campbell FC . Importance of reflux symptoms in functional dyspepsia . Gut . 1995;36:189–192
  58. Klauser G , Schindbeck NE , Muller-Lissner SA . Symptoms in gastroesophageal disease . Lancet . 1990;335:205–208
  59. Moayyedi P , Axon AT . The usefulness of the likelihood ratio in the diagnosis of dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux disease . Am J Gastroenterol . 1999;94:3122–3125
  60. Dent J , Brun J , Fendrick AM . An evidence-based appraisal of reflux disease management—the Genval Workshop Report . Gut . 1999;44(Suppl 2):S1–S16
  61. Kraag N , Thijs C , Knipschild P . Dyspepsia—how noisy are gallstones? (A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of biliary pain, dyspeptic symptoms, and food intolerance) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1995;30:411–421
  62. Berger MY , van der Velden JJ , Lijmer JG , de Kort H , Prins A , Bohnen AM . Abdominal symptoms (do they predict gallstones?) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2000;35:70–76
  63. Sahai AV, Mishra G, Penman ID, Williams D, Wallace MB, Hadzijahic N, et al. EUS to detect evidence of pancreatic disease in patients with persistent or nonspecific dyspepsia . Gastrointest Endosc . 2000;52:153–159
  64. Locke GR , Murray JA , Zinsmeister AR , Melton LJ , Talley NJ . Celiac disease serology in irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia (a population-based case-control study) . Mayo Clin Proc . 2004;79:476–482
  65. Heikkinen M , Pikkarainen P , Takala J , Rasanen H , Julkunen R . Etiology of dyspepsia (four unselected consecutive patients in general practice) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1995;30:519–523
  66. Hallas J , Bytzer P . Screening for drug related dyspepsia (an analysis of prescription symmetry) . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 1998;10:27–32
  67. Bytzer P , Hallas J . Drug-induced symptoms of functional dyspepsia and nausea (A symmetry analysis of one million prescriptions) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2000;14:1479–1484
  68. Ofman JJ, Maclean CH, Straus WL, Morton SC, Berger ML, Roth EA, et al. Meta-analysis of dyspepsia and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs . Arthritis Rheum . 2003;49:508–518
  69. Laine L . The gastrointestinal effects of nonselective NSAIDs and COX-2-selective inhibitors . Semin Arthritis Rheum . 2002;32(Suppl 1):25–32
  70. Camilleri M , Talley NJ . Pathophysiology as a basis for understanding symptom complexes and therapeutic targets . Neurogastroenterol Motil . 2004;16:135–142
  71. Quartero AO , de Wit NJ , Lodder AC , Numans ME , Smout AJ , Hoes AW . Disturbed solid-phase gastric emptying in functional dyspepsia (a meta-analysis) . Dig Dis Sci . 1998;43:2028–2033
  72. Stanghellini V, Tosetti C, Paternico A, Barbara G, Morselli-Labate AM, Monetti N, et al. Risk indicators of delayed gastric emptying of solids in patients with functional dyspepsia . Gastroenterology . 1996;110:1036–1042
  73. Sarnelli G , Caenepeel P , Geypens B , Janssens J , Tack J . Symptoms associated with impaired gastric emptying of solids and liquids in functional dyspepsia . Am J Gastroenterol . 2003;98:783–788
  74. Talley NJ , Verlinden M , Jones M . Can symptoms discriminate among those with delayed or normal gastric emptying in dysmotility-like dyspepsia? . Am J Gastroenterol . 2001;96:1422–1428
  75. Caldarella MP , Azpiroz F , Malagelada JR . Antro-fundic dysfunctions in functional dyspepsia . Gastroenterology . 2003;124:1220–1229
  76. Gilja OH , Hausken T , Wilhelmsen I , Berstad A . Impaired accommodation of proximal stomach to a meal in functional dyspepsia . Dig Dis Sci . 1996;41:689–696
  77. Thumshirn M , Camilleri M , Saslow SB , Williams DE , Burton DD , Hanson RB . Gastric accommodation in non-ulcer dyspepsia and the roles of Helicobacter pylori infection and vagal function . Gut . 1999;44:55–64
  78. Boeckxstaens G , Hirsch D , Kuiken S , Heisterkamp S , Tytgat G . The proximal stomach and postprandial symptoms in functional dyspeptics . Am J Gastroenterol . 2002;97:40–48
  79. Holtmann G , Gschossmann J , Buenger L , Gerken G , Talley NJ . Do changes in visceral sensory function determine the development of dyspepsia during treatment with aspirin? . Gastroenterology . 2002;123:1451–1458
  80. Holtmann G , Gschossmann J , Neufang-Huber J , Gerken G , Talley NJ . Differences in gastric mechanosensory function after repeated ramp distensions in non-consulters with dyspepsia and healthy controls . Gut . 2000;47:332–336
  81. Tack J , Caenepeel P , Fischler B , Piessevaux H , Janssens J . Symptoms associated with hypersensitivity to gastric distention in functional dyspepsia . Gastroenterology . 2001;121:526–535
  82. Holtmann G , Goebell H , Jockenhoevel F , Talley NJ . Altered vagal and intestinal mechanosensory function in chronic unexplained dyspepsia . Gut . 1998;42:501–506
  83. Tack J , Caenepeel P , Piessevaux H , Cuomo R , Janssens J . Assessment of meal induced gastric accommodation by a satiety drinking test in health and in severe functional dyspepsia . Gut . 2003;52:1271–1277
  84. Boeckxstaens GE , Hirsch DP , van den Elzen BD , Heisterkamp SH , Tytgat GN . Impaired drinking capacity in patients with functional dyspepsia (relationship with proximal stomach function) . Gastroenterology . 2001;121:1054–1063
  85. Samsom M , Verhagen MA , vanBerge Henegouwen GP , Smout AJ . Abnormal clearance of exogenous acid and increased acid sensitivity of the proximal duodenum in dyspeptic patients . Gastroenterology . 1999;116:515–520
  86. Simren M , Vos R , Janssens J , Tack J . Acid infusion enhances duodenal mechanosensitivity in healthy subjects . Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol . 2003;285:G309–G315
  87. Lee KJ , Vos R , Janssens J , Tack J . Influence of duodenal acidification on the sensorimotor function of the proximal stomach in humans . Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol . 2004;286:G278–G284
  88. Talley NJ , Fett SL , Zinsmeister AR , Melton LJ . Gastrointestinal tract symptoms and self-reported abuse (a population-based study) . Gastroenterology . 1994;107:1040–1049
  89. Tack J, Demedts I, Dehondt G, Caenepeel P, Fischler B, Zandecki M, et al. Clinical and pathological characteristics of acute-onset functional dyspepsia . Gastroenterology . 2002;122:1738–1747
  90. Holtmann G, Siffert W, Haag S, Mueller N, Langkafel M, Senf W, et al. G-protein beta 3 subunit 825 CC genotype is associated with unexplained (functional) dyspepsia . Gastroenterology . 2004;126:971–979
  91. Talley NJ , Hunt RH . What role does Helicobacter pylori play in dyspepsia and nonulcer dyspepsia? (Arguments for and against H. pylori being associated with dyspeptic symptoms) . Gastroenterology . 1997;113(6 Suppl):S67–S77
  92. Talley NJ , Quan C . Helicobacter pylori and nonulcer dyspepsia . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2002;16(Suppl 1):58–65
  93. Moayyedi P , Deeks J , Talley NJ , Delaney B , Forman D . An update of the Cochrane systematic review of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in nonulcer dyspepsia (resolving the discrepancy between systematic reviews) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2003;98:2621–2626
  94. Jones R , Lydeard S . Dyspepsia in the community (a follow-up study) . Br J Clin Pract . 1992;46:95–97
  95. Leodolter A , Kulig M , Brasch H , Meyer-Sabellek W , Willich SN , Malfertheiner P . A meta-analysis comparing eradication, healing and relapse rates in patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric or duodenal ulcer . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2001;15:1949–1958
  96. Locke GR . Natural history of nonerosive reflux disease (Is all gastroesophageal reflux disease the same? What is the evidence?) . Gastroenterol Clin North Am . 2002;31(4 Suppl):S59–S66
  97. Hansen J , Bytzer P , Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB . Management of dyspeptic patients in primary care . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1998;33:799–805
  98. Hammer J , Eslick G , Howell S , Altiparmak E , Talley NJ . Diagnostic yield of alarm features in irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia . Gut . 2004;53:666–672
  99. McColl KE, el-Nujumi A, Murray L, el-Omar E, Gillen D, Dickson A, et al. The Helicobacter pylori breath test (a surrogate marker for peptic ulcer disease in dyspeptic patients) . Gut . 1997;40:302–306
  100. Xia HH , Kalantar JS , Mitchell HM , Talley NJ . Can Helicobacter pylori serology still be applied as a surrogate marker to identify peptic ulcer disease in dyspepsia? . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2000;14:615–624
  101. Hallissey MT , Allum WH , Jewkes AJ , Ellis DJ , Fielding JW . Early detection of gastric cancer . BMJ . 1990;301:513–515
  102. Dooley CP, Larson AW, Stace NH, Renner IG, Valenzuela JE, Eliasoph J, et al. Double-contrast barium meal and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (a comparative study) . Ann Intern Med . 1984;101:538–545
  103. Stevenson GW , Norman G , Frost R , Somers S . Barium meal or endoscopy? (A prospective randomized study of patient preference and physician decision making) . Clin Radiol . 1991;44:317–321
  104. Maniatis AG , Eisen GM , Brazer SR . Endoscopic discrimination of gastric ulcers . J Clin Gastroenterol . 1997;24:203–206
  105. Bustamante M , Devesa F , Borghol A , Ortuno J , Ferrando MJ . Accuracy of the initial endoscopic diagnosis in the discrimination of gastric ulcers (is an endoscopic follow-up study always needed?) . J Clin Gastroenterol . 2002;35:25–28
  106. Laheij RJ , de Boer WA , Jansen JB , van Lier HJ , Sneeberger PM , Verbeek AL . Diagnostic performance of biopsy-based methods for determination of Helicobacter pylori infection without a reference standard . J Clin Epidemiol . 2000;53:742–746
  107. Graham DY, Opekun AR, Hammoud F, Yamaoka Y, Reddy R, Osato MS, et al. Studies regarding the mechanism of false negative urea breath tests with proton pump inhibitors . Am J Gastroenterol . 2003;98:1005–1009
  108. Laine L , Estrada R , Trujillo M , Knigge K , Fennerty MB . Effect of proton-pump inhibitor therapy on diagnostic testing for Helicobacter pylori . Ann Intern Med . 1998;129:547–550
  109. Bytzer P , Hansen JM , Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB . Empirical H2-blocker therapy or prompt endoscopy in management of dyspepsia . Lancet . 1994;343:811–816
  110. Wiklund I , Glise H , Jerndal P , Carlssson J , Talley NJ . Does endoscopy have a positive impact on quality of life in dyspepsia? . Gastrointest Endosc . 1998;47:449–454
  111. Quadri A , Vakil N . Health-related anxiety and the effect of open-access endoscopy in US patients with dyspepsia . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2003;17:835–840
  112. Rabeneck L , Wristers K , Souchek J , Ambriz E . Impact of upper endoscopy on satisfaction in patients with previously uninvestigated dyspepsia . Gastrointest Endosc . 2003;57:295–299
  113. Lydeard S , Jones R . Factors affecting the decision to consult with dyspepsia (comparison of consulters and non-consulters) . J R Coll Gen Pract . 1989;39:495–498
  114. Hungin A, Thomas P, Bramble M, Corbett WA, Idle N, Contractor BR, et al. What happens to patients following open access gastroscopy? (An outcome study from general practice) . Br J Gen Pract . 1994;44:519–521
  115. Hart R , Classen M . Complications of diagnostic gastrointestinal endoscopy . Endoscopy . 1990;22:229–233
  116. Daneshmend TK , Bell GD , Logan RF . Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (results of a nationwide survey) . Gut . 1991;32:12–15
  117. Nyren O , Adami HO , Gustavsson S , Lindgren PG , Loof L , Nyberg A . The “epigastric distress syndrome.” (A possible disease entity identified by history and endoscopy in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia) . J Clin Gastroenterol . 1987;9:303–309
  118. Loy CT , Irwig LM , Katelaris PH , Talley NJ . Do commercial serological kits for Helicobacter pylori infection differ in accuracy? (A meta-analysis) . Am J Gastroenterol . 1996;91:1138–1144
  119. Stevens M , Livsey S , Swann R . In: Evaluation of sixteen EIAs for the detection of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori . London, England: Department of Health; 1997;p. 1–46
  120. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, et al. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection—the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2002;16:167–180
  121. Vaira D, Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, Axon AT, Deltenre M, Hirschl AM, et al. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection with a new non-invasive antigen-based assay . Lancet . 1999;354:30–33
  122. Vaira D, Vakil N, Menegatti M, van’t Hoff B, Ricci C, Gatta L, et al. The stool antigen test for detection of Helicobacter pylori after eradication therapy . Ann Intern Med . 2002;136:280–287
  123. Vakil N , Rhew D , Soll A , Ofman J . The cost-effectiveness of diagnostic testing strategies for Helicobacter pylori . Am J Gastroenterol . 2000;95:1691–1698
  124. Gatta L, Vakil N, Ricci C, Osborn JF, Tampieri A, Perna F, et al. Effect of proton pump inhibitors and antacid therapy on 13C urea breath tests and stool test for Helicobacter pylori infection . Am J Gastroenterol . 2004;99:823–829
  125. Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group . Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori (a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts) . Gut . 2001;49:347–353
  126. Kuipers EJ, Nelis GF, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Snel P, Goldfain D, Kolkman JJ, et al. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux oesophagitis treated with long term omeprazole reverses gastritis without exacerbation of reflux disease (results of a randomised controlled trial) . Gut . 2004;53:12–20
  127. Blum AL, Talley NJ, O’Morain C, van Zanten SV, Labenz J, Stolte M, et al. Lack of effect of treating Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia . N Engl J Med . 1998;339:1875–1881
  128. Talley NJ , Janssens J , Lauritsen K , Racz I , Bolling-Sternevald E  The Optimal Regimen Cures Helicobacter Induced Dyspepsia (ORCHID) Study Group . Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in functional dyspepsia (randomised double blind placebo controlled trial with 12 months’ follow up) . BMJ . 1999;318:833–837
  129. Wong BC, Lam SK, Wong WM, Chen JS, Zheng TT, Feng RE, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China (a randomized controlled trial) . JAMA . 2004;291:187–194
  130. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama G, et al. Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia (randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy) . J Natl Cancer Inst . 2000;92:1881–1888
  131. Sung JJ, Lin SR, Ching JY, Zhou LY, To KF, Wang RT, et al. Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia one year after cure of H. pylori infection (a prospective, randomized study) . Gastroenterology . 2000;119:7–14
  132. Leung WK, Lin SR, Ching JY, To KF, Ng EK, Chan FK, et al. Factors predicting progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia (results of a randomised trial on Helicobacter pylori eradication) . Gut . 2004;53:1244–1249
  133. Moayyedi P, Wason C, Peacock R, Walan A, Bardhan K, Axon AT, et al. Changing patterns of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in long-standing acid suppression . Helicobacter . 2000;5:206–214
  134. Ley C, Mohar A, Guarner J, Herrera-Goepfert R, Figueroa LS, Halperin D, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric preneoplastic conditions (a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial) . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev . 2004;13:4–10
  135. Raghunath A , Hungin AP , Wooff D , Childs S . Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (systematic review) . BMJ . 2003;326:737
  136. Raghunath A , Hungin AP , Wooff D , Childs S . Systematic review (the effect of Helicobacter pylori and its eradication on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in patients with duodenal ulcers or reflux oesophagitis) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;20:733–744
  137. Moayyedi P , Bardhan C , Young L , Dixon MF , Brown L , Axon AT . Helicobacter pylori eradication does not exacerbate reflux symptoms in gastroesophageal reflux disease . Gastroenterology . 2001;121:1120–1126
  138. Schwizer W, Thumshirn M, Dent J, Guldenschuh I, Menne D, Cathomas G, et al. Helicobacter pylori and symptomatic relapse of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (a randomised controlled trial) . Lancet . 2001;357:1738–1742
  139. Wu JC , Chan FK , Wong SK , Lee YT , Leung WK , Sung JJ . Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on oesophageal acid exposure in patients with reflux oesophagitis . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2002;16:545–552
  140. Moayyedi P, Feltbower R, Brown J, Mason S, Mason J, Nathan J, et al. Effect of population screening and treatment for Helicobacter pylori on dyspepsia and quality of life in the community (a randomised controlled trial) . Lancet . 2000;355:1665–1669
  141. Harvey RF , Lane JA , Murray LJ , Harvey IM , Donovan JL , Nair P  Bristol Helicobacter Project . Randomised controlled trial of effects of Helicobacter pylori infection and its eradication on heartburn and gastro-oesophageal reflux (Bristol Helicobacter Project) . BMJ . 2004;328:1417–1419
  142. Delaney BC , Moayyedi P . Eradicating H. pylori does not cause gastro-oesophageal reflux disease . BMJ . 2004;328:1388–1389
  143. Axon AT . Personal view: to treat or not to treat? Helicobacter pylori and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease—an alternative hypothesis . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;19:253–261
  144. Chow WH, Blaser MJ, Blot WJ, Gammon MD, Vaughan TL, Risch HA, et al. An inverse relation between cagA+ strains of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma . Cancer Res . 1998;58:588–590
  145. Ye W, Held M, Lagergren J, Engstrand L, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy (risk of adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia) . J Natl Cancer Inst . 2004;96:388–396
  146. Wu AH, Crabtree JE, Bernstein L, Hawtin P, Cockburn M, Tseng CC, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori CagA+ strains and risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus . Int J Cancer . 2003;103:815–821
  147. Bytzer P , Hansen JM , Havelund T , Malchow-Moller A , Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O . Predicting endoscopic diagnosis in the dyspeptic patient (the value of clinical judgment) . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 1996;8:359–363
  148. Heikkinen M , Pikkarainen P , Eskelinen M , Julkunen R . GP’s ability to diagnose dyspepsia based only on physical examination and patient history . Scand J Prim Health Care . 2000;18:99–104
  149. Manes G , Balzano A , Marone P , Lioniello M , Mosca S . Appropriateness and diagnostic yield of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in an open access endoscopy system (a prospective observational study based on Maastricht guidelines) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2002;16:105–110
  150. Meineche-Schmidt V , Jorgensen T . Alarm symptoms in patients with dyspepsia (a three-year prospective study from general practice) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2002;37:999–1007
  151. Numans ME , van der Graaf Y , De Wit NJ , de Melker RA . How useful is selection based on alarm symptoms in requesting gastroscopy? (An evaluation of diagnostic determinants for gastro-oesophageal malignancy) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2001;36:437–443
  152. Rossi A, Bersani G, Ricci G, DeFaritiis G, Pollino V, Suzzi A, et al. ASGE guidelines for the appropriate use of upper endoscopy (association with endoscopic finding) . Gastrointest Endosc . 2002;56:714–719
  153. Sung JJ, Lao WC, Lai MS, Li TH, Chan FK, Wu JC, et al. Incidence of gastroesophageal malignancy in patients with dyspepsia in Hong Kong (implications for screening strategies) . Gastrointest Endosc . 2001;54:454–458
  154. Fjosne U , Kleveland PM , Waldum H , Halvorsen T , Petersen H . The clinical benefit of routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1986;21:433–440
  155. Mann J , Holdstock G , Harman M , Machin D , Loehry CA . Scoring system to improve cost effectiveness of open access endoscopy . BMJ . 1983;287:937–940
  156. Holdstock G , Harman M , Machin D , Patel C , Lloyd RS . Prospective testing of a scoring system designed to improve case selection for upper gastrointestinal investigation . Gastroenterology . 1986;90:1164–1169
  157. Voutilainen M , Mantynen T , Kunnamo I , Juhola M , Mecklin J-P , Farkkila M . Impact of clinical symptoms and referral volume on endoscopy for detecting peptic ulcer and gastric neoplasma . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2003;38:109–113
  158. Westbrook JI , McIntosh JH , Duggan JM . Accuracy of provisional diagnosis of dyspepsia in patients undergoing first endoscopy . Gastrointest Endosc . 2001;53:283–288
  159. Gonvers JJ, Burnand B, Froehlich F, Pache I, Thorens J, Fried M, et al. Appropriateness and diagnostic yield of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in an open-access endoscopy unit . Endoscopy . 1996;28:661–666
  160. Jaeschke R , Guyatt GH , Sackett DL . Users guides to the medical literature: III How to use an article about a diagnostic test B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? . JAMA . 1994;271:703–707
  161. Deeks JJ . Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests . In:  Egger M ,  Smith G Davey ,  Altman DG editor. Systematic reviews in health care . London, England: BMJ Publishing Group; 2001;
  162. Asante M , Lord J , Mendall M , Northfield T . Endoscopy for Helicobacter pylori sero-negative young dyspeptic patients (an economic evaluation based on a randomized trial) . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 1999;11:851–856
  163. Duggan A , Elliott C , Logan RPH , Hawkey C , Logan RFA . Does near patient H. pylori testing in primary care reduce referral for endoscopy? (Results from a randomized trial) . (abstr). Gastroenterology . 1998;114:2615
  164. Delaney BC, Wilson S, Roalfe A, Roberts L, Redman V, Wearn A, et al. Randomised controlled trial of Helicobacter pylori testing and endoscopy for dyspepsia in primary care . BMJ . 2001;322:898–901
  165. Delaney BC , Moayyedi P , Forman D . Initial management strategies for dyspepsia . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2003;2:CD001961
  166. Paton S . Cost-effective treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease—a comparison of two therapies commonly used in general practice . Br J Econ . 1995;8:85–95
  167. Meineche-Schmidt V , Krag E . Antisecretory therapy in 1017 patients with ulcer-like or reflux-like dyspepsia in general practice . Eur J Gen Pract . 1997;3:125–130
  168. Goves J, Oldring JK, Kerr D, Dallara RG, Roffe EJ, Powell JA, et al. First line treatment with omeprazole provides an effective and superior alternative strategy in the management of dyspepsia compared to antacid/alginate liquid (a multicentre study in general practice) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 1998;12:147–157
  169. Rabeneck L, Souchek J, Wristers K, Menke T, Ambriz E, Huang I, et al. A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of proton pump inhibitor therapy in patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia . Am J Gastroenterol . 2002;97:3045–3051
  170. Meineche-Schmidt V . Empiric treatment with high and standard dose of omeprazole in general practice (two-week randomized placebo-controlled trial and 12 month follow-up of health-care consumption) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2004;99:1050–1058
  171. Jones BH , Baxter G . Lansoprazole 30 mg daily versus ranitidine 150 mg b.d. in the treatment of acid-related dyspepsia in general practice . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 1997;11:541–546
  172. Mason I, Millar LJ, Sheikh RR, Evans WM, Todd PL, Turbitt ML, et al. The management of acid-related dyspepsia in general practice (a comparison of an omeprazole versus an antacid-alginate/ranitidine management strategy) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 1998;12:263–271
  173. Allison JE , Hurley LB , Hiatt RA , Levin TR , Ackerson LM , Lieu TA . A randomized controlled trial of test-and-treat strategy for Helicobacter pylori (clinical outcomes and health care costs in a managed care population receiving long-term acid suppression therapy for physician-diagnosed peptic ulcer disease) . Arch Intern Med . 2003;163:1165–1171
  174. Ladabaum U , Fendrick AM , Glidden D , Scheiman JM . Helicobacter pylori test-and-treat intervention compared to usual care in primary care patients with suspected peptic ulcer disease in the United States . Am J Gastroenterol . 2002;97:3007–3014
  175. Manes G , Menchise A , de Nucci C , Balzano A . Empirical prescribing for dyspepsia (randomised controlled trial of test and treat versus omeprazole treatment) . BMJ . 2003;326:1118–1124
  176. Jarbol D , Kragstrup J , Havelund T , Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB . Efficacy of three strategies based on empirical antisecretory therapy and Helicobacter pylori status—for management of dyspepsia in general practice . (abstr) Gastroenterology . 2004;126:A69
  177. Delaney BC, Wilson S, Roalfe A, Roberts L, Redman V, Wearn A, et al. Cost effectiveness of initial endoscopy for dyspepsia in patients over age 50 years (a randomised controlled trial in primary care) . Lancet . 2000;356:1965–1969
  178. Chiba N , Van Zanten SJ , Sinclair P , Ferguson RA , Escobedo S , Grace E . Treating Helicobacter pylori infection in primary care patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia (the Canadian adult dyspepsia empiric treatment-Helicobacter pylori positive (CADET-Hp) randomised controlled trial) . BMJ . 2002;324:1012–1016
  179. Stevens R , Baxrter G . Benefits of Helicobacter pylori eradication in the treatment of ulcer-like dyspepsia in primary care . (abstr) Gastroenterology . 2001;120:260
  180. Lewin van den Broek NT , Numans ME , Buskens E , Verheij TJ , De Wit NJ , Smout AJ . A randomised controlled trial of four management strategies for dyspepsia (relationships between symptom subgroups and strategy outcome) . Br J Gen Pract . 2001;51:619–624
  181. Laheij RJ , Severens JL , Van de Lisdonk EH , Verbeek AL , Jansen JB . Randomized controlled trial of omeprazole or endoscopy in patients with persistent dyspepsia (a cost-effectiveness analysis) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 1998;12:1249–1256
  182. Kjeldsen HC , Lauritzen T , Mainz J , Christensen VI . Evaluation of prompt proton pump inhibitor versus prompt endoscopy for management of people with dyspepsia (a one year randomized clinical trial in general practice) . (abstr) Gastroenterology . 2004;126:A70
  183. Lassen AT , Pedersen FM , Bytzer P , Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB . Helicobacter pylori test-and-eradicate versus prompt endoscopy for management of dyspeptic patients (a randomised trial) . Lancet . 2000;356:455–460
  184. Heaney A , Collins JS , Watson RG , McFarland RJ , Bamford KB , Tham TC . A prospective randomised trial of a “test and treat” policy versus endoscopy based management in young Helicobacter pylori positive patients with ulcer-like dyspepsia, referred to a hospital clinic . Gut . 1999;45:186–190
  185. Arents NL, Thijs JC, van Zwet AA, Oudkerk Pool M, Gotz JM, van de Werf GT, et al. Approach to treatment of dyspepsia in primary care (a randomized trial comparing “test-and-treat” with prompt endoscopy) . Arch Intern Med . 2003;163:1606–1612
  186. McColl KE, Murray LS, Gillen D, Walker A, Wirz A, Fletcher J, et al. Randomised trial of endoscopy with testing for Helicobacter pylori compared with non-invasive H. pylori testing alone in the management of dyspepsia . BMJ . 2002;324:999–1002
  187. Ford AC , Qume M , Moayyedi P , Delaney BC . Prompt endoscopy versus a “test and treat” strategy in the initial management of dyspepsia (an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials) . (abstr) Gastroenterology . 2004;126:A70
  188. Lassen AT , Hallas J , Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB . Helicobacter pylori test and eradicate versus prompt endoscopy for management of dyspeptic patients (6.7 year follow up of a randomised trial) . Gut . 2004;53:1758–1763
  189. Briggs AH , Sculpher MJ , Logan RP , Aldous J , Ramsay ME , Baron JH . Cost effectiveness of screening for and eradication of Helicobacter pylori in management of dyspeptic patients under 45 years of age . BMJ . 1996;312:1321–1325
  190. Silverstein MD , Petterson T , Talley NJ . Initial endoscopy or empirical therapy with or without testing for Helicobacter pylori for dyspepsia (a decision analysis) . Gastroenterology . 1996;110:72–83
  191. Fendrick AM , Chernew ME , Hirth RA , Bloom BS . Alternative management strategies for patients with suspected peptic ulcer disease . Ann Intern Med . 1995;123:260–268
  192. Ofman JJ , Etchason J , Fullerton S , Kahn KL , Soll AH . Management strategies for Helicobacter pylori-seropositive patients with dyspepsia (clinical and economic consequences) . Ann Intern Med . 1997;126:280–291
  193. Sonnenberg A , Townsend WF , Muller AD . Evaluation of dyspepsia and functional gastrointestinal disorders (a cost-benefit analysis of different approaches) . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 1995;7:655–659
  194. Rich M , Scheiman JM , Tierney W , Fendrick AM . Is upper gastrointestinal radiography a cost-effective alternative to a Helicobacter pylori “test and treat” strategy for patients with suspected peptic ulcer disease? . Am J Gastroenterol . 2000;95:651–658
  195. Spiegel BM , Vakil NB , Ofman JJ . Dyspepsia management in primary care (a decision analysis of competing strategies) . Gastroenterology . 2002;122:1270–1285
  196. Moayyedi P , Talley NJ . Gambling with gastroesophageal reflux disease (should we worry about the QALY?) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2005;100:534–536
  197. Delaney B, Moayyedi P, Deeks J, Innes M, Soo S, Barton P, et al. The management of dyspepsia (a systematic review) . Health Technol Assess . 2000;4(iii–v):1–189
  198. Ladabaum U , Chey WD , Scheiman JM , Fendrick AM . Reappraisal of non-invasive management strategies for uninvestigated dyspepsia (a cost-minimization analysis) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2002;16:1491–1501
  199. Chiba N , De Gara CJ , Wilkinson JM , Hunt RH . Speed of healing and symptom relief in grade II to IV gastroesophageal reflux disease (a meta-analysis) . Gastroenterology . 1997;112:1798–1810
  200. Ford A , Delaney B , Forman D , Moayyedi P . Eradication therapy for peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori positive patients . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2003;4:CD003840
  201. Moayyedi P , Soo S , Deeks J , Delaney B , Innes M , Forman D . Pharmacological interventions for non-ulcer dyspepsia . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2003;1:CD001960
  202. Soo S , Moayyedi P , Deeks J , Delaney B , Lewis M , Forman D . Psychological interventions for non-ulcer dyspepsia . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2001;4:CD002301
  203. Hansen JM , Bytzer P , Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O . Placebo-controlled trial of cisapride and nizatidine in unselected patients with functional dyspepsia . Am J Gastroenterol . 1998;93:368–374
  204. Delattre M , Malesky M , Prinzie A . Symptomatic treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia with cimetidine . Curr Ther Res . 1985;37:980–991
  205. Gotthard R , Bodemar G , Brodin U , Jonsson KA . Treatment with cimetidine, antacid, or placebo in patients with dyspepsia of unknown origin . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1988;23:7–18
  206. Hadi S . Clinical investigation of ranitidine in patients with gastritis . Clin Ther . 1989;11:590–594
  207. Kelbaek H , Linde J , Eriksen J , Mungaard S , Moesgaard F , Bonnevie O . Controlled clinical trial of treatment with cimetidine for non-ulcer dyspepsia . Acta Med Scand . 1985;217:281–287
  208. Nesland AA , Berstad A . Effect of cimetidine in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and erosive prepyloric changes . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1985;20:629–635
  209. Saunders JH , Oliver RJ , Higson DL . Dyspepsia (incidence of a non-ulcer disease in a controlled trial of ranitidine in general practice) . Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) . 1986;292:665–668
  210. Singal AK , Kumar A , Broor SL . Cimetidine in the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia (results of a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study) . Curr Med Res Opin . 1989;11:390–397
  211. Muller P , Hotz J , Franz E , Simon B . Ranitidine in the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia (A placebo-controlled study in the Federal Republic of Germany) . Arzneimittelforschung . 1994;44:1130–1132
  212. Blum AL , Arnold R , Stolte M , Fischer M , Koelz HR . Short course acid suppressive treatment for patients with functional dyspepsia (results depend on Helicobacter pylori status) . Gut . 2000;47:473–480
  213. Olubuyide IO , Atoba MA . Non-ulcer dyspepsia in Nigerians clinical and therapeutic results . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1986;124(Suppl):83–87
  214. Abraham NS , Moayyedi P , Daniels B , Veldhuyzen Van Zanten SJO . Systematic review (the methodological quality of trials affects estimates of treatment efficacy in functional (non-ulcer) dyspepsia) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;19:631–641
  215. Talley NJ, Meineche-Schmidt V, Pare P, Duckworth M, Raisanen P, Pap A, et al. Efficacy of omeprazole in functional dyspepsia (double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials (the Bond and Opera studies)) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 1998;12:1055–1065
  216. Wong WM, Wong BC, Hung WK, Yee YK, Yip AW, Szeta ML, et al. Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of four weeks of lansoprazole for the treatment of functional dyspepsia in Chinese patients . Gut . 2002;51:502–506
  217. Bolling-Sternevald E, Lauritsen K, Aalykke C, Havelund T, Knudsen T, Unge P, et al. Effect of profound acid suppression in functional dyspepsia (a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2002;37:1395–1402
  218. Farup PG , Hovde O , Torp R , Wetterhus S . Patients with functional dyspepsia responding to omeprazole have a characteristic gastro-oesophageal reflux pattern . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1999;34:575–579
  219. Peura DA , Kovacs TOG , Metz DC , Siepman N , Pilmer BL , Talley NJ . Lansoprazole in the treatment of functional dyspepsia (two double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials) . Am J Med . 2004;116:740–748
  220. Laine L , Schoenfeld P , Fennerty MB . Therapy for Helicobacter pylori in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia (A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials) . Ann Intern Med . 2001;134:361–369
  221. Veldhuyzen van Zanten S , Fedorak RN , Lambert J , Cohen L , Vanjaka A . Absence of symptomatic benefit of lansoprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin triple therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori positive, functional (nonulcer) dyspepsia . Am J Gastroenterol . 2003;98:1963–1969
  222. Talley NJ , Vakil N , Ballard ED , Fennerty MB . Absence of benefit of eradicating Helicobacter pylori in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia . N Engl J Med . 1999;341:1106–1111
  223. Koelz HR , Arnold R , Stolte M , Fischer M , Blum AL . Treatment of Helicobacter pylori in functional dyspepsia resistant to conventional management (a double blind randomized trial with a six month follow-up) . Gut . 2003;52:40–46
  224. Froehlich F, Gonvers JJ, Wietlisbach V, Burnand B, Hildebrand P, Schneider C, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment does not benefit patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia . Am J Gastroenterol . 2001;96:2329–2336
  225. Bruley des Varannes S , Flojou JF , Colin R , Zaim M , Meunier A , Bidaut-Mazel C . There are some benefits for eradicating Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2001;15:1177–1185
  226. Malfertheiner P, Mossner J, Fischback W, Layer P, Leodolter A, Stolte M, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication is beneficial in the treatment of functional dyspepsia . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2003;18:615–625
  227. Miwa H, Hirai S, Nagahara A, Murai T, Nishira T, Kikuchi S, et al. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection does not improve symptoms in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients-a double-blind placebo-controlled study . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2000;14:317–324
  228. Hsu PI, Lai KH, Tseng HH, Lo GH, Lo CC, Lin CK, et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori prevents ulcer development in patients with ulcer-like functional dyspepsia . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2001;15:195–201
  229. Koskenpato J , Farkkila M , Sipponen P . Helicobacter pylori eradication and standardized 3-month omeprazole therapy in functional dyspepsia . Am J Gastroenterol . 2001;96:2866–2872
  230. Gisbert JP , Cruzado AI , Garcia-Gravalos R , Pajares JM . Lack of benefit of treating H. pylori infection in patients with functional dyspepsia (Randomized one-year follow-up study) . Hepatogastroenterology . 2004;51:303–308
  231. McColl K, Murray L, El-Omar E, Dickson A, El-Nujumi A, Wirz A, et al. Symptomatic benefit from eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia . N Engl J Med . 1998;339:1869–1874
  232. Yeoh KG, Kang JY, Tay HH, Gwee KA, Tan CC, Wee A, et al. Effect of cisapride on functional dyspepsia in patients with and without histological gastritis (a double-blind placebo-controlled trial) . J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 1997;12:13–18
  233. Champion MC, MacCannell KL, Thomson AB, Tanton R, Eberhard S, Sullivan SN, et al. A double-blind randomized study of cisapride in the treatment of nonulcer dyspepsia . Can J Gastroenterol . 1997;11:127–134
  234. Chung JM . Cisapride in chronic dyspepsia (results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1993;195:11–14
  235. al-Quorain A , Larbi EB , al-Shedoki F . A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cisapride in Saudi Arabs with functional dyspepsia . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1995;30:531–534
  236. Bekhti A , Rutgeerts L . Domperidone in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with delayed gastric emptying . Postgrad Med J . 1979;55(Suppl 1):30–32
  237. De Nutte N , Van Ganse W , Witterhulghe M , Defrance P . Relief of epigastric pain in nonulcer dyspepsia (controlled trial of the promotility drug cisapride) . Clin Ther . 1989;11:62–68
  238. Francois I , De Nutte N . Nonulcer dyspepsia (effect of the gastrointestinal prokinetic drug cisapride) . Curr Ther Res . 1987;41:891–898
  239. Hannon R . Efficacy of cisapride in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia (A placebo-controlled study) . Curr Ther Res . 1987;42:814–822
  240. Kellow JE, Cowan H, Shuter B, Riley JW, Lunzer MR, Eckstein RP, et al. Efficacy of cisapride therapy in functional dyspepsia . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 1995;9:153–160
  241. Rosch W . Cisapride in non-ulcer dyspepsia (Results of a placebo-controlled trial) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1987;22:161–164
  242. De Groot GH , De Both PSM . Cisapride in functional dyspepsia in general practice (A placebo controlled, randomized, double blind study) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 1997;11:193–199
  243. Wood SF , Penney SC , Cochran KM . Cisapride in functional dyspepsia (a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial in general practice patients) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1993;195(Suppl):5–10
  244. Holtmann G , Gschossmann J , Mayr P , Talley NJ . A randomised placebo-controlled trial of simethicone and cisapride for the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2002;16:1641–1648
  245. Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, Forman D, Harris A, Innes M, et al. Systematic review (antacids, H2-receptor antagonists, prokinetics, bismuth and sucralfate therapy for non-ulcer dyspepsia) . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2003;17:1215–1227
  246. Kumar M, Yachha SK, Aggarwal R, Shukla S, Pandey R, Prasad KN, et al. Healing of chronic antral gastritis (effect of sucralfate and colloidal bismuth subcitrate) . Ind J Gastroenterol . 1996;15:90–93
  247. Goh KL , Parasakthi N , Peh SC , Wong NW , Lo YL , Puthucheary SD . Helicobacter pylori infection and non-ulcer dyspepsia (the effect of treatment with colloidal bismuth subcitrate) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1991;26:1123–1131
  248. Lambert JR , Dunn K , Borromeo M , Korman MG , Hansky J . Campylobacter pylori—a role in non-ulcer dyspepsia? . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1989;160(Suppl):7–13
  249. Kang JY , Tay HH , Wee A , Guan R , Math MV , Yap I . Effect of colloidal bismuth subcitrate on symptoms and gastric histology in non-ulcer dyspepsia (A double blind placebo controlled study) . Gut . 1990;31:476–480
  250. Kazi JI, Jafarey NA, Alam SM, Zuberi SJ, Kazi AM, Qureshi H, et al. A placebo controlled trial of bismuth salicylate in Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis . J Pak Med Assoc . 1990;40:154–156
  251. Loffeld RJ , Potters HV , Stobberingh E , Flendrig JA , van Spreeuwel JP , Arends JW . Campylobacter associated gastritis in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (a double blind placebo controlled trial with colloidal bismuth subcitrate) . Gut . 1989;30:1206–1212
  252. Vaira D, Holton J, Ainley C, Falzon M, Osborn J, D’Anna L, et al. Double blind trial of colloidal bismuth subcitrate versus placebo in Helicobacter pylori positive patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia . Ital J Gastroenterol . 1992;24:400–404
  253. Hausken T, Stene-Larsen G, Lange O, Aronsen O, Nerdrum T, Hegbom F, et al. Misoprostol treatment exacerbates abdominal discomfort in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and erosive prepyloric changes (A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1990;25:1028–1033
  254. Pazzi P , Gamberini S , Scagliarini R , Dalla Libera M , Merighi A , Gullini S . Misoprostol for the treatment of chronic erosive gastritis (a double-blind placebo-controlled trial) . Am J Gastroenterol . 1994;89:1007–1013
  255. Gudjonsson H, Oddsson E, Bjornsson S, Gunnlaugsson O, Theodors A, Jonasson TA, et al. Efficacy of sucralfate in treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia (A double-blind placebo-controlled study) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1993;28:969–972
  256. Kairaluoma MI, Hentilae R, Alavaikko M, Kellosalo J, Stahlberg M, Jalovaara P, et al. Sucralfate versus placebo in treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia . Am J Med . 1987;83:51–55
  257. Gad A , Dobrilla G . Campylobacter pylori and non-ulcer dyspepsia. 1 (The final results of a double-blind multicentre trial for treatment with pirenzepine in Italy) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1989;167(Suppl):39–43
  258. Hradsky M , Wikander M . Effect of pirenzepine in the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia (A double-blind study) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1982;17:251–252
  259. Onghena P , Houdenhove BV . Antidepressant-induced analgesia in chronic non-malignant pain (a meta-analysis of 39 placebo-controlled trials) . Pain . 1992;49:205–219
  260. Jackson JL , O’Malley PG , Tomkins G , Balden E , Santoro J , Kroenke K . Treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders with antidepressant medications (a meta-analysis) . Am J Med . 2000;108:65–72
  261. Lodrup D , Langemark M , Hansen HJ , Olesen J , Bech P . Clomipramine and mianserin in chronic idiopathic pain syndrome . Psychopharmacology . 1989;99:1–7
  262. Tanum L , Malt UF . A new pharmacologic treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorder (A double-blind placebo-controlled study with Mianserin) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 1996;31:318–325
  263. Mertz H , Fass R , Kodner A , Yan-Go F , Fullerton S , Mayer EA . Effect of amitriptyline on symptoms, sleep, and visceral perception in patients with functional dyspepsia . Am J Gastroenterol . 1998;93:160–165
  264. Bates S , Sjoden PO , Nyren O . Behavioral treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia . Scand J Behav Ther . 1988;17:155–165
  265. Haug TT , Wilhelmsen I , Svebak S , Berstad A , Ursin H . Psychotherapy in functional dyspepsia . J Psychosom Res . 1994;38:735–744
  266. Hamilton J, Guthrie E, Creed F, Thompson D, Tomenson B, Bennett R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of psychotherapy in patients with chronic functional dyspepsia . Gastroenterology . 2000;119:661–669
  267. Calvert EL , Houghton LA , Cooper P , Morris J , Whorwell P . Long-term improvement in functional dyspepsia using hypnotherapy . Gastroenterology . 2002;123:1778–1785
  268. Soo S , Forman D , Delaney B , Moayyedi P . A systematic review of psychological therapies for nonulcer dyspepsia . Am J Gastroenterol . 2004;99:1817–1822
  269. Melzer J , Rosch W , Reichling J , Brignoli R , Saller R . Meta-analysis (phytotherapy of functional dyspepsia with the herbal drug preparation STW 5 (Iberogast)) . Aliment Pharmacol There . 2004;20:1279–1287
  270. Madisch A , Holtmann G , Plein K , Hotz J . Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with herbal preparations (results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial) . Aliment Pharmcol Ther . 2004;19:271–279
  271. Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, Forman D, Mason J, Innes M, et al. Systematic review and economic evaluation of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment for non-ulcer dyspepsia . BMJ . 2000;321:659–664
  272. Vakil NB , Traxler B , Levine D . Dysphagia in patients with erosive esophagitis (prevalence, severity, and response to proton pump inhibitor treatment) . Clin Gastoenterol Hepatol . 2004;2:665–668
  273. SEER database. Incidence: stomach cancer. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/faststats/html/inc_stomach.html.
  274. Gillen D , McColl KE . Does concern about missing malignancy justify endoscopy in uncomplicated dyspepsia in patients aged less than 55? . Am J Gastroenterol . 1999;94:75–79
  275. Sue-Ling HM, Martin I, Griffith J, Ward DC, Quirke P, Dixon MF, et al. Early gastric cancer (46 cases treated in one surgical department) . Gut . 1992;33:1318–1322
  276. Loffeld RJ , van der Putten AB . Changes in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in two groups of patients undergoing endoscopy and living in the same region in the Netherlands . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2003;38:938–941
  277. Laheij RJ, Hermsen JT, Jansen JB, Horrevorts AM, Rongen RJ, Van Rossum LG, et al. Empirical treatment followed by a test-and-treat strategy is more cost-effective in comparison with prompt endoscopy or radiography in patients with dyspeptic symptoms (a randomized trial in a primary care setting) . Fam Pract . 2004;21:238–243
  278. The EUROGAST Study Group . An international association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer . Lancet . 1993;341:1359–1362
  279. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, Matsumura N, Yamaguchi S, Yamakido M, et al. Helicobacter pylori and the development of gastric cancer . N Engl J Med . 2001;345:784–789
  280. Uemura N, Mukai T, Okamoto S, Yamaguchi S, Mashiba H, Taniyama K, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on subsequent development of cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev . 1997;6:639–642
  281. Hirayama F , Takagi S , Iwao E , Yokoyama Y , Haga K , Hanada S . Development of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and carcinoid due to long-term Helicobacter pylori colonization in Mongolian gerbils . J Gastroenterol . 1999;34:450–454
  282. Moayyedi P , Dixon MF . Significance of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer (implications for screening) . Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am . 1997;7:47–64
  283. Laine L, Fennerty MB, Osato M, Sugg J, Suchower L, Probst P, et al. Esomeprazole-based Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy and the effect of antibiotic resistance (results of three US multicenter, double-blind trials) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2000;95:3393–3398
  284. Laine L , Suchower L , Frantz J , Connors A , Neil G . Twice-daily, 10-day triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication in duodenal ulcer disease (results of three multicenter, double-blind, United States trials) . Am J Gastroenterol . 1998;93:2106–2112
  285. Vakil N , Lanza F , Schwartz H , Barth J . Seven-day therapy for Helicobacter pylori in the United States . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;20:99–107
  286. Ford A , Moayyedi P . How can the current strategies for Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy be improved? . Can J Gastroenterol . 2003;17(Suppl B):36B–40B
  287. Laine L , Hunt R , El-Zimaity H , Nguyen B , Osato M , Spenard J . Bismuth-based quadruple therapy using a single capsule of bismuth biskalcitrate, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer patients (a prospective, randomized, multicenter, North American trial) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2003;98:562–567
  288. Panter SJ , O’Flanagan H , Bramble MG , Hungin AP . Empirical use of antisecretory drug therapy delays diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma but does not effect outcome . Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;19:981–988
  289. Maconi G, Kurihara H, Panizzo V, Russo A, Cristaldi M, Marrelli D, et al. Gastric cancer in young patients with no alarm symptoms (focus on delay in diagnosis, stage of neoplasm and survival) . Scand J Gastroenterol . 2003;38:1249–1255
  290. Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ , Jones MJ , Verlinden M , Talley NJ . Efficacy of cisapride and domperidone in functional (nonulcer) dyspepsia (a meta-analysis) . Am J Gastroenterol . 2001;96:689–696
  291. Cremonini F , Delgado-Aros S , Talley NJ . Functional dyspepsia (drugs for new (and old) therapeutic targets) . Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol . 2004;18:717–733

PII: S0016-5085(05)01818-4

doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.020

Gastroenterology
Volume 129, Issue 5 , Pages 1756-1780 , November 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution