Pancreatic carcinoma cells induce fibrosis by stimulating proliferation and matrix synthesis of stellate cells

Background & Aims: Tumor desmoplasia is one of the representative histopathologic findings in ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The aims of this study were to examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis associated with pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Methods: Immunostainings were performed with human pancreatic adenocarcinomas (n = 27) and tumors induced in nude mice (n = 36) by subcutaneously injecting MiaPaCa2, Panc1, and SW850 with and without pancreatic stellate cells. Matrix-producing cells were isolated from pancreatic adenocarcinomas and compared with pancreatic stellate cells isolated from tissue of chronic pancreatitis. Paracrine stimulation of pancreatic stellate cells by carcinoma cells was studied regarding matrix synthesis (collagen and c-fibronectin on protein and messenger RNA level) and cell proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine incorporation). Results: High numbers of desmin and α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells were detected in 26 of 27 pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Intense fibronectin and collagen stainings were associated with these cells. By using cytofilament stainings, gene expression profiling, and morphological examinations, the matrix-producing cells obtained by the outgrowth method from pancreatic adenocarcinomas were identified as pancreatic stellate cells. Supernatants of MiaPaCa2, Panc1, and SW850 cells stimulated proliferation and collagen type I and c-fibronectin synthesis of cultured pancreatic stellate cells. Preincubation of the carcinoma cell supernatants with neutralizing antibodies against fibroblast growth factor 2, transforming growth factor β1, and platelet-derived growth factor significantly reduced the stimulatory effects. Subcutaneous injection of carcinoma cells and pancreatic stellate cells induced fast-growing subcutaneous fibrotic tumors in nude mice. Morphometric analysis of carcinoma cells (cytokeratin stainings) showed a high density of carcinoma cells in these tumors. Conclusions: Pancreatic stellate cells strongly support tumor growth in the nude mouse model. The increased deposition of connective tissue in pancreatic carcinoma is the result of a paracrine stimulation of pancreatic stellate cells by carcinoma cells.

Abbreviations used in this paper:  BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine , CC, carcinoma cell , DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium , ECM, extracellular matrix , FCS, fetal calf serum , FGF, fibroblast growth factor , FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate , HRP, horseradish peroxidase , HSC, hepatic stellate cell , PAC, pancreatic adenocarcinoma , PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor , PSC, pancreatic stellate cell , RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction , α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin , SN, supernatant , TSA, tyramide signal amplification