Gastroenterology
Volume 136, Issue 4 , Pages 1152-1154 , April 2009

Reining in Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection—Who's at Risk?

  • Christina M. Surawicz

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Christina M. Surawicz, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of Washington, Chief, Gastroenterology, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359773, Seattle, WA 98104. fax: (206) 744-8698

References 

  1. Pepin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003; a changing pattern of disease severity. Can Med Assoc. 2004;171:466–472
  2. Muto CA, Pokrymwka M, Shutt K, et al. A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:273–280
  3. Pepin J, Valiquette L, Cossette B. Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec. CMAJ. 2005;173:1037–1041
  4. Pepin J, Valiquette L, Gagnon S, et al. Outcomes of Clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of NAP1/027. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2781–2788
  5. George WL, Volpicelli NA, Stiner DB, et al. Relapse of pseudomembranous colitis after vancomycin therapy. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:414–415
  6. Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, et al. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet. 2001;357:189–193
  7. Garey KW, Sethi S, Yadav Y, et al. Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infection. 2008;70:298–304
  8. Bartlett JG, Tedesco FJ, Shuss S, et al. Symptomatic relapse after oral vancomycin therapy of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Gastroenterology. 1980;78:431–434
  9. Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi LST, et al. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:302–307
  10. Pepin J, Alary M-E, Valiquette L, Raiche E, et al. Increasing risk of relapse after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;40:1591–1597
  11. Rodemann JF, Dubberke ER, Reske KA, et al. Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol and Hepatol. 2007;5:339–344
  12. Issa M, Vijayapal A, Graham MB, et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:345–351
  13. Nguyen GC, Kaplan GG, Harris ML, et al. A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1443–1450
  14. Issa M, Anathakrishnan AN, Binion DG. Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14:1432–1442
  15. Surawicz CM, McFarland LV, Greenberg RN, et al. The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:1012–1017
  16. Stepan C, Surawicz CM. Treatment strategies for recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;1:295–305
  17. Hu MY, Katchar K, Kyne L, et al. Prospective derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:1206–1214
  18. Louie T, Miller M, Donskey C, et al. Clinical outcomes, safety, and pharmacokinetics of OPT-80 in a Phase 2 Trial with Patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:223–228
  19. Louie TJ, Peppe J, Watt CK, et al. Tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:411–420

 Conflicts of interest The author is on the speaker's bureau for Viropharma and Biocodex Inc.

PII: S0016-5085(09)00203-0

doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.023

Gastroenterology
Volume 136, Issue 4 , Pages 1152-1154 , April 2009

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